Respiratory System Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functions of the Respiratory System.

A
  • Bring air from atmosphere into lungs.
  • Transference of oxygen into blood.
  • Removal of carbon dioxide from blood.
  • Expel heat and water vapor in air breathed out.
  • Allow vocal cords to create speech as air is breathed out.
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2
Q

Pathway of air through the Conducting System.

A
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

Function of nasal cavity.

A

The nose is the initial pathway for air from outside the body. Air is warmed and moistened in the nose to be more readily used by the body’s interior.

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4
Q

Function of the Pharynx.

A

Food is channelled into the oesophagus, while the air moves into the larynx. The air is further warmed.

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5
Q

Function of the Larynx.

A

The larynx contains the vocal cords that create the voice as air passes through them.

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6
Q

Function of Trachea.

A

The trachea is also known as the windpipe. Allows passage of oxygen into the lungs.

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7
Q

Function of Bronchi.

A

The trachea divides into two bronchi. Each bronchus feeds one of the lungs.

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8
Q

Function of Bronchioles.

A

Each bronchus divides into a series of further dividing bronchioles, feeding into alveoli.

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9
Q

Function of Alveoli.

A

Microscopic sacs at the ends of the bronchiole. Alveoli are only a cell thick, surrounded by a network of capillaries that continually exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide and water.

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10
Q

Describe the Pleura and its function.

A

Pleura:
- A membrane that covers each lung.
Function:
- Gap between lung tissue and pleura is filled with fluid, acting as lubricant.
- Aids lung expansion and contraction reduces friction between lungs and surrounding structures.

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11
Q

Function of the Diaphragm.

A
  • Contracts downward, expanding the chest cavity, allowing lungs to fill with air.
  • Relaxes, shrinking the chest cavity, expelling air from the lungs.
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12
Q

What is Ventilation.

A

The amount of air breathed in and out each minute.

V = TV x RR.

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13
Q

What is Inspiration.

A
  • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, pulling downward and outward.
  • Size of chest cavity increases, pressure decreases, air rushes into the lungs to increase the pressure within the chest cavity.
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14
Q

What is Expiration.

A
  • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, size of the chest cavity decreases and pressure increases.
  • Air is expelled from the lungs to reduce pressure within the chest cavity.
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15
Q

What is diffusion.

A

The process of gaseous exchange.
The movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across a thin membrane.

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16
Q

Describe gas exchange in the lungs.

A

Pulmonary diffusion:
- Air is inspired by the lungs and travels to the alveoli.
- The alveoli and surrounding capillaries have thin walls, allowing oxygen to diffuse from a higher concentration in the alveoli to a lower concentration in the red blood cells in the capillaries.
- The oxygen binds to haemoglobin on red blood cells to be transported around the body.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be breathed out through expiration.

17
Q

Describe gas exchange in the cells.

A

Cellular diffusion:
- Oxygenated blood is transported to muscles in response for demand for energy production.
- Low oxygen in muscles attract higher concentration of oxygen from the capillaries.
- Oxygen diffuses from the capillary into the muscle cells.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the muscle cell to the capillary to be transported to the alveoli.

18
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity.

A

The amount of air that can be held in the lungs after maximal inspiration.

19
Q

What is Vital Capacity.

A

The maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration.

20
Q

What is Tidal Volume.

A

The amount of air inspired and expired with each breath.

21
Q

What is Residual Volume.

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.

22
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Capacity.

A

The amount of air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration.

23
Q

What is expiratory Reserve Capacity.

A

The amount of air that can be expired in addition to a normal expiration.

24
Q

What is Maximum Oxygen Uptake (VO2 Max).

A

The maximum amount of oxygen per minute that can be taken in, transported to and used by working muscles.

25
Q

Name some acute respiratory responses to exercise.

A
  • Increased respiration rate
  • Increased tidal volume
  • Increased ventilation
  • Increased oxygen uptake
  • Increased efforts of intercostal muscles and diaphragm