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Physical Education > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Define biomechanics.

A

The study of the mechanics of human movement.

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2
Q

Name 3 examples of equipment used by biomechanists.

A
  • Cinematography
  • Force platforms
  • Resistance pools
  • Wind tunnels
  • Computer and digital analysis.
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3
Q

Name 3 benefits of biomechanics.

A
  • Optimisation of sports performance
  • Prevention and reduction of injuries
  • Design and development of improved equipment
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4
Q

Define drag force.

A

Disturbed air that creates a resistance force opposing the movement of a projectile through the air.

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5
Q

Forces that affect motion.

A
  • drag force
  • gravity
  • friction
  • weight
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6
Q

Define Inertia

A

The tendency for a body to resist a change in its state of motion.

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7
Q

Define Newtons First Law of Motion and provide a sporting example.

A

An object, whether at rest or in motion, will continue in that state unless it is acted upon by a force strong enough to change its state of motion or rest.

Eg. A soccer ball won’t move from its position unless a force acts upon it, such as a player kicking it.

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8
Q

Define Newtons Second Law of Motion and provide a sporting example.

A

The acceleration of an object is directly proportionate to the amount of force applied and takes place in the direction in which the force is applied.

Eg. A tennis will accelerate faster than a netball ball when thrown with the same force because it is lighter.

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9
Q

Define Newtons Third Law of Motion and provide a sporting example.

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Eg. A sprinter pushes against the ground and backwards, ground exerts an equal force upwards and forwards. As a result, the sprinter moves forward.

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10
Q

Define Linear Motion and provide an example.

A

Linear motion is movement along a line that may be straight or curved, with all part of the body or object moving in the same direction at the same speed.

Running is an example of linear motion, as all parts of the body move in the same direction at the same speed.

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11
Q

Name the Kinematic Concepts for Linear Motion.

A
  • distance (m)
  • displacement (m)
  • speed (m/s)
  • velocity (m/s)
  • acceleration (m/s/s)
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12
Q

Define distance and displacement.

A

Distance is the length of a path that someone/something follows.

Displacement is the difference between the initial position and the final position of an object.

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13
Q

Define Angular Motion and provide an example.

A

Angular motion occurs when the body or an object rotate around an axis of rotation.

For example, a gymnast on the high bars is an example of angular motion, as the body of the gymnast rotates around the bar, as the axis of rotation.

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14
Q

Name the Kinematic Concepts for Angular Motion.

A

Angular motion:
- angular distance,
- angular displacement,
- angular speed,
- angular velocity,
- angular acceleration

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15
Q

Define General Motion and provide an example.

A

General motion is a combination or mix of angular and linear motion are evident.

For example, a cyclist demonstrates general motion since his arms move at the same speed in linear motion, meanwhile his legs are in angular motion as they cause the pedals to rotate.

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16
Q

Define speed and velocity.

A

Speed is the rate of motion, without taking into consideration direction. Speed (m/s) = distance (m) / time (s).

Velocity is the rate of change in location. Velocity (m/s) = displacement (m) / time (s).

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17
Q

Define acceleration and deceleration.

A

Acceleration is the change in velocity over a period of time.
Acceleration (m/s/s). = final velocity - initial velocity / time (s).

An example of positive acceleration is the time for a runner to reach max speed from leaving the blocks.

Deceleration is a form of negative acceleration in which the body or object slows down over a period of time.

An example of deceleration is a runner slowing from top speed to stationary after crossing the finish line.

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18
Q

For each axis of the human body, provide an example of angular motion.

A

Vertical axis: from head to toe.
For example, an ice skater spinning.

Transverse axis: from hip to hip.
For example, a diver performing a somersault.

Medial axis: from belly button to the small of the back.
For example, a gymnast performing a cartwheel.

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19
Q

Apply Newtons laws of motion to angular motion.

A

First law: a drop punt kick in football will only spin through the air after it has been kicked.

Second law: A diver spins rapidly in a tuck position only after they have pushed hard into the diving board.

Third law: A spinning ball hits the ground and its amount of spin is reduced by opposite action applied by the ground.

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20
Q

Describe how changes in moment of inertia effect angular velocity.

A

Moment of inertia is inversely proportional to angular velocity of a rotating object. As moment of inertia increases, angular velocity decreases.

For example, a diver in a tucked position has a lower moment of inertia and high angular velocity as they spin more rapidly when compared to a diver in a straight body position.

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21
Q

What is Angular momentum.

A

Angular momentum = Moment of Inertia x Angular velocity.

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22
Q

Name the three main elements of a lever.

A
  • An axis (fulcrum)
  • A resistance (load)
  • A force (effort)
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23
Q

Describe the two main functions of levers.

A
  • To increase or magnify the force applied. When the force arm is longer than the resistance arm.
  • To generate increased speed of movement. When force arm is shorter than resistance arm.
24
Q

Describe a first class lever, it’s purpose and provide a sporting example.

A
  • The axis is located between the force arm and the resistance arm.
  • Generates speed along the axis close to the application of force. And Generates strength along the axis close to the resistance.
  • For example, an oar in rowing.
25
Q

Describe a second class lever, it’s purpose and provide a sporting example.

A
  • Resistance arm located between the axis and the force arm.
  • Increases strength humans can apply.
  • For example, a wheel barrow, or a calf raise (through the toes joint).
26
Q

Describe a third class lever, it’s purpose and provide a sporting example.

A
  • Force located between the axis and the resistance arm.
  • Generate great speed, most levers in the body are third class.
  • For example, bicep curl, arm when throwing.
27
Q

Describe how levers are used in sport.

A

The velocity is greater at the end of a longer leaver than a short lever. However a longer lever has greater inertia and requires more force to overcome it.

Athletes use shorter levers during acceleration phases of motion. Flexing and bending joints.

Athletes use longer levers during the striking phase. Extending and straightening joints.

28
Q

Define force.

A

Any pushing or pulling activity which alters the motion of a body or object.

29
Q

Define Isometric force and provide an example.

A

Isometric force: Occurs when a force is created but no movement is created.

Eg. calf stretch against a wall.

30
Q

Define Isotonic force and provide a sporting example.

A

Isotonic force: Occurs when a force is great enough to change the motion of an object.

Eg. kicking a ball.

31
Q

Define Sub-maximal force and provide a sporting example.

A

Sub-maximal force: Occurs when a performer does not utilise all of the force available to perform a task.

Eg. throwing a tennis ball to someone 1 metre away.

32
Q

Define Maximal force and provide a sporting example.

A

Maximal force: occurs when maximal muscle contraction is performed as well as perfect timing and excellent technique.

Eg. throwing a ball from the outfield.

33
Q

Define force summation.

A

Force summation: the production of the optimally desired amount of force by successfully activating a number of body segments.

34
Q

Define simultaneous force summation and provide an example.

A

Simultaneous force summation: involves an explosive action of all body parts occurring at the same time.
For example, a high jumper propelling themselves into the air.

35
Q

Define successive force summation and provide an example.

A

Successive force summation: when body parts are moved in sequence to generate great force. For example, a shot-put throw.

36
Q

State the four rules of force summation.

A

Number: The action must use as many body parts as possible.

Order: The action recruits the largest body parts first.

Timing: Each body part accelerates sequentially to pass on momentum.

Stability: Each body part successively stabilises so the next part accelerates around a stable base and is able to receive optimal momentum.

37
Q

Provide an example of the rules of force summation.

A

Number: running uses angles, legs, knees, hips and arms.

Order: when throwing larger parts including torso and arms are used first before wrist and fingers.

Timing: bowling in cricket, legs transfer momentum to the arms and ball.

Stability: serving in tennis, one foot is planted creating a stable base.

38
Q

Define momentum.

A

Momentum is a measure of the amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion.

Momentum (kg m/s) = mass x velocity.

39
Q

Define impulse.

A

Impulse is a change in an objects momentum. The greater the amount of time that force can be applied to an object, the greater that objects impulse or change to momentum.

Impulse (I) = Force (F) x time (T).

40
Q

Provide an example of impulse in sport.

A

Baseball batter performing a backswing when hitting is an example of impulse since the amount of time in which force is applied is increased.

The run up in a discus/shotput throw.

41
Q

Define force reception and provide an example of it in sport.

A

Force reception aims to reduce an objects momentum by applying force over a period. For example, a soccer goal keeper absorbs the impact of the ball using their hands or body to prevent it form entering the net.

42
Q

Define projectile motion.

A

Projectile motion refers to the motion of any object that is launched into the air and travels through free space.

43
Q

Name the Kinematic concepts for Projectile Motion

A
  • Angle of release
  • Height of release
  • Velocity of release.
44
Q

What affects the projectile motion of an object?

A

Angle of release: the angle at which an object is projected into the air.

Height of release: The difference between the height at which a projectile is released and the height at which it lands.

Speed of release: The speed at which an object is propelled into the air.

45
Q

Describe how angle of release affects the motion of a projectile.

A
  • Angle of release is 35-45* for optimal horizontal distance.
46
Q

Describe how the height of release affects the motion of a projectile.

A
  • The higher the release the more distance covered.
47
Q

Describe how the speed of release affects the motion of a projectile.

A
  • The greater the speed of release the greater the distance covered.
48
Q

Define air resistance and drag force.

A

Drag force is disturbed air or water that creates a resistance force opposing the motion of a projectile.

Air resistance is resistance to the motion of the projectile created by the air the projectile must travel.

49
Q

How does air resistance and drag force affect the motion of a projectile.

A
  • Acts a frictional force through which the projectile must push.
  • Acts as a drag force from which it must escape.
50
Q

Factors of a projectile that impact the effect of air resistance.

A
  • size and surface area
  • nature of the objects surface
  • shape
  • velocity
  • mass and weight
51
Q

What is static and dynamic balance.

A

Static balance: when the person remains over a relatively fixed base.

Dynamic balance: when the person is in motion.

52
Q

Factors that affect balance and stability.

A
  • Mass of the object,
  • Area of the base of support,
  • Height of the centre of gravity,
  • Relationship of the line of the centre of gravity to the edge of the base of support.
53
Q

Define Moment of Inertia.

A

Moment of Inertia is the resistance of a rotating body to change.

54
Q

What is Moment of Force (Torque)

A

Moment of Force = Applied force x Moment arm.

55
Q

Define gravity.

A

A constant force that acts on all projectiles, pulling them towards the earth.

56
Q

Define weight.

A

The force on the body exerted by gravity. Weight = mass x gravity.

57
Q

Define friction.

A

Force between the surface of two objects trying to slide across one another.

Physical Education (5 decks)

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