Respiratory System (P1)

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

Taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

Question 2

Why do we need oxygen?

Answer 2

To break down food to provide energy.

Question 3

What is the correct passage of air?

Answer 3

Nose, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 4

What does respiration include?

Answer 4

1. Ventilation
2. External respiration
3. Internal respiration
4. Transport of Gases
5. Cellular Respiration

Question 5

What is ventilation?

Answer 5

Getting air into and out of lungs

Question 6

What is external respiration?

Answer 6

Gaseous exchange between the lungs and the blood.

Question 7

What is internal respiration?

Answer 7

Gaseous exchange between the capillary blood and the body cells.

Question 8

What gases are transported in respiration?

Answer 8

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 9

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 9

Metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose.

Question 10

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 10

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the air.

Question 11

What is diffusion?

Answer 11

The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 12

How thin is an alveoli wall?

And what does this mean in terms of diffusion?

Answer 12

1 cell thick

Short diffusion path way

Question 13

What surrounds the alveoli which means there is excellent blood supply for gaseous exchange?

Answer 13

The alveoli is surrounded by a huge capillary network.

Question 14

There is millions of alveoli in each lung. What does this mean?

Answer 14

A greater uptake of oxygen.

Question 15

The structure of the alveoli helps the diffusion of gases. What’s the structure of the alveoli? Remember BOG

Answer 15

.Big surface area
. One cell thick
. Good blood supply

Question 16

The greater the difference in partial pressure….

Answer 16

The faster the flow of air

Question 17

What is inspiration?

Answer 17

Air into lungs

Question 18

What is expiration?

Answer 18

Air out of lungs

Question 19

What are the requirements for air to get into the lungs?

Answer 19

The lung pressure needs to be lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Question 20

What are the requirements to get air out of the lungs?

Answer 20

The lung pressure needs to be higher than the atmospheric pressure.

Question 21

What will increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity do?

Answer 21

It will reduce the pressure in the lungs, forcing air into the lungs.

Question 22

What will decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity mean?

Answer 22

It will increase the pressure in the lungs, forcing air out of the lungs.

Question 23

What muscles are used during breathing at rest for inspiration?

Answer 23

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 24

What muscles are used during breathing at rest for expiration?

Answer 24

Diaphragm and external intercostals just relax

Question 25

What muscles are used during breathing during exercise for inspiration?

Answer 25

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major

Question 26

What muscles are used during breathing during exercise for expiration?

Answer 26

Internal intercostals and abdominals

Question 27

What are the mechanics of breathing in?

Answer 27

Rib cage moves upwards and outwards | Diaphragm contracts and is pulled flat

Question 28

What are the mechanics of breathing out?

Answer 28

Ribcage falls | Diaphragm relaxes and rises to dome shaped position.

Question 29

What are the requirements for breathing air in?

Answer 29

Larger space in thoracic cavity Low pressure in the lungs High pressure in the atmosphere Flat diaphragm

Question 30

What are the requirements for breathing air out?

Answer 30

Smaller space in thoracic cavity High pressure in the lungs Low pressure in the atmosphere Domed diaphragm

Question 31

What is tidal volume?

Answer 31

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 32

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Answer 32

Volume of air that can forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 33

What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Answer 33

Volume of air forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 34

What is lung volumes?

Answer 34

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Question 35

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 35

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 36

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

Answer 36

Number of breaths per minutes X tidal volume

Question 37

When does tidal volume increase? And why?

Answer 37

During exercise because we are using more of our IRV and ERV

Question 38

What is residual volume? And why does it occur?

Answer 38

It describes the air that is left in the lungs even after breathing out as hard as we can. This is because we cannot totally empty our lungs because there is still some air in the alveoli, bronchi and trachea because they are held open permanently by rings of cartilage.

Question 39

How does tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume and minute ventilation change during exercise?

Answer 39

``` Tidal volume- increase Inspiratory reserve volume-decrease Expiratory reserve volume- slight decrease Residual volume- remains the same Minute ventilation- big increase ```

Question 40

What is the order of the neural/chemical control for inspiration is....

Answer 40

Receptors-medulla oblongata- phrenic nerve- diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 41

What is the order of the neural/chemical control for expiration?

Answer 41

Receptors- medulla oblongata-intercostal nerve- abdominals and internal intercostals.

Question 42

What is vital capacity?

Answer 42

The maximum amount a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation

Question 43

How do you calculate vital capacity?

Answer 43

TV+IRV+ERV

Question 44

What is the average vital capacity for their average person?

Answer 44

3 to 5 litres

Question 45

What are the two locations of gaseous exchange?

Answer 45

Alveoli and muscles

Question 46

What process causes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Answer 46

Diffusion

Question 47

What is the difference between the high and low gradient called?

Answer 47

Diffusion gradient

Question 48

When is diffusion and gaseous exchange quickest?

Answer 48

With a larger gradient

Question 49

What is the concentration/partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?

Answer 49

100mm/hg

Question 50

What is the concentration/partial pressure of oxygen in capillary blood vessels?

Answer 50

40mm/hg

Question 51

What is the concentration/partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood entering the alveolar capillaries is?

Answer 51

46mm/hg

Question 52

What is the concentration/partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolus ?

Answer 52

40mm/hg

Question 53

Where does external respiration take place?

Answer 53

Between the alveoli and blood in the alveolus capillaries

Question 54

What is the movement involved with external respiration? And why?

Answer 54

. Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into blood- because concentration of oxygen in alveoli is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the blood . carbon dioxide in blood diffuses to alveoli- because concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than the concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

Question 55

Where does internal respiration take place?

Answer 55

Between the blood in the capillaries and the tissue cell walls

Question 56

What is the movement of internal respiration and why does it occur?

Answer 56

. Oxygen in blood diffuses to the tissue- because the concentration of oxygen in blood is higher than the concentration of oxygen in tissues. . Carbon dioxide in tissue diffuses to blood- because the concentration of carbon dioxide in the tissues is higher than the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Question 57

What is the impact of smoking on the respiratory system?

Answer 57

. Can cause irritation of the trachea and bronchi . Reduces lung function and increases breathlessness . Damages the cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles . Cilia damage causing build up of mucus and cause 'smokers cough . Can damage the alveoli increasing chance of COPD . Affects oxygen transport negatively

Question 58

What is cilia?

Answer 58

Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.

Question 59

What is COPD?

Answer 59

The name for many chronic and debilitating disease. The main cause for one called emphysema is smoking. It is a long-term progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.

Question 60

What is a spirometer?

Answer 60

A device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.

Question 61

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue muscles and blood?

Answer 61

blood- 100(MM/HG) | Tissue- 5mm/Hg

Question 62

What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissue muscles and blood?

Answer 62

Tissue- 46mm/Hg | Blood- 40mm/Hg