Respiratory System (P1) Flashcards
What is respiration?
Taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.
Why do we need oxygen?
To break down food to provide energy.
What is the correct passage of air?
Nose, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What does respiration include?
- Ventilation
- External respiration
- Internal respiration
- Transport of Gases
- Cellular Respiration
What is ventilation?
Getting air into and out of lungs
What is external respiration?
Gaseous exchange between the lungs and the blood.
What is internal respiration?
Gaseous exchange between the capillary blood and the body cells.
What gases are transported in respiration?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is cellular respiration?
Metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose.
What is gaseous exchange?
The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the air.
What is diffusion?
The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
How thin is an alveoli wall?
And what does this mean in terms of diffusion?
1 cell thick
Short diffusion path way
What surrounds the alveoli which means there is excellent blood supply for gaseous exchange?
The alveoli is surrounded by a huge capillary network.
There is millions of alveoli in each lung. What does this mean?
A greater uptake of oxygen.
The structure of the alveoli helps the diffusion of gases. What’s the structure of the alveoli? Remember BOG
.Big surface area
. One cell thick
. Good blood supply
The greater the difference in partial pressure….
The faster the flow of air
What is inspiration?
Air into lungs
What is expiration?
Air out of lungs
What are the requirements for air to get into the lungs?
The lung pressure needs to be lower than the atmospheric pressure.
What are the requirements to get air out of the lungs?
The lung pressure needs to be higher than the atmospheric pressure.
What will increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity do?
It will reduce the pressure in the lungs, forcing air into the lungs.
What will decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity mean?
It will increase the pressure in the lungs, forcing air out of the lungs.
What muscles are used during breathing at rest for inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
What muscles are used during breathing at rest for expiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals just relax
What muscles are used during breathing during exercise for inspiration?
Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major
What muscles are used during breathing during exercise for expiration?
Internal intercostals and abdominals
What are the mechanics of breathing in?
Rib cage moves upwards and outwards
Diaphragm contracts and is pulled flat
What are the mechanics of breathing out?
Ribcage falls
Diaphragm relaxes and rises to dome shaped position.
What are the requirements for breathing air in?
Larger space in thoracic cavity
Low pressure in the lungs
High pressure in the atmosphere
Flat diaphragm
What are the requirements for breathing air out?
Smaller space in thoracic cavity
High pressure in the lungs
Low pressure in the atmosphere
Domed diaphragm
What is tidal volume?
Volume of air breathed in or out per breath
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
Volume of air that can forcibly inspired after a normal breath
What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
Volume of air forcibly expired after a normal breath
What is lung volumes?
The movement of air into and out of the lungs.
What is minute ventilation?
Volume of air inspired or expired per minute
How do you calculate minute ventilation?
Number of breaths per minutes X tidal volume
When does tidal volume increase? And why?
During exercise because we are using more of our IRV and ERV
What is residual volume? And why does it occur?
It describes the air that is left in the lungs even after breathing out as hard as we can.
This is because we cannot totally empty our lungs because there is still some air in the alveoli, bronchi and trachea because they are held open permanently by rings of cartilage.
How does tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume and minute ventilation change during exercise?
Tidal volume- increase Inspiratory reserve volume-decrease Expiratory reserve volume- slight decrease Residual volume- remains the same Minute ventilation- big increase
What is the order of the neural/chemical control for inspiration is….
Receptors-medulla oblongata- phrenic nerve- diaphragm and external intercostals
What is the order of the neural/chemical control for expiration?
Receptors- medulla oblongata-intercostal nerve- abdominals and internal intercostals.
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
How do you calculate vital capacity?
TV+IRV+ERV
What is the average vital capacity for their average person?
3 to 5 litres
What are the two locations of gaseous exchange?
Alveoli and muscles
What process causes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Diffusion
What is the difference between the high and low gradient called?
Diffusion gradient
When is diffusion and gaseous exchange quickest?
With a larger gradient
What is the concentration/partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?
100mm/hg
What is the concentration/partial pressure of oxygen in capillary blood vessels?
40mm/hg
What is the concentration/partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood entering the alveolar capillaries is?
46mm/hg
What is the concentration/partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolus ?
40mm/hg
Where does external respiration take place?
Between the alveoli and blood in the alveolus capillaries
What is the movement involved with external respiration? And why?
. Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into blood- because concentration of oxygen in alveoli is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the blood
. carbon dioxide in blood diffuses to alveoli- because concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than the concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Where does internal respiration take place?
Between the blood in the capillaries and the tissue cell walls
What is the movement of internal respiration and why does it occur?
. Oxygen in blood diffuses to the tissue- because the concentration of oxygen in blood is higher than the concentration of oxygen in tissues.
. Carbon dioxide in tissue diffuses to blood- because the concentration of carbon dioxide in the tissues is higher than the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.
What is the impact of smoking on the respiratory system?
. Can cause irritation of the trachea and bronchi
. Reduces lung function and increases breathlessness
. Damages the cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
. Cilia damage causing build up of mucus and cause ‘smokers cough
. Can damage the alveoli increasing chance of COPD
. Affects oxygen transport negatively
What is cilia?
Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.
What is COPD?
The name for many chronic and debilitating disease. The main cause for one called emphysema is smoking. It is a long-term progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath.
What is a spirometer?
A device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue muscles and blood?
blood- 100(MM/HG)
Tissue- 5mm/Hg
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissue muscles and blood?
Tissue- 46mm/Hg
Blood- 40mm/Hg
