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Human Systems Physiology > Respiratory System Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is spirometry?

A

A test that measures how much air you inhale, how much you exhale, and how quickly you exhale. Used to diagnose conditions and diseases that affect breathing.

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2
Q

What is ERV?

A

Expiratory reserve volume. Amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort.

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3
Q

What is FRC?

A

Functional residual capacity. Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration (RV+ERV).

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4
Q

What is FVC?

A

Forced vital capacity. Point where you can’t exhale any more air. Residual volume remains.

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5
Q

What is IC?

A

Inspiratory capacity. Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (TV+IRV)

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6
Q

What is IRV?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume. Amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort.

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7
Q

What is RV?

A

Residual volume - can’t measure by spirometry. Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; keeps alveoli inflated between breaths and mixes with fresh air on next inspiration.

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8
Q

What is TLC?

A

Total lung capacity. Maximum amount of air the lungs can contain (RV+VC).

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9
Q

What is VC?

A

Vital capacity. Amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration (ERV+TV+IRV) and used to assess strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function.

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10
Q

What is VT?

A

Tidal volume. Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath during relaxed quiet breathing.

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11
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second - inhale deeply and exhale as much as one can

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12
Q

What is the PEFR?

A

Peak expiratory flow rate - the maximal flow rate achieved during expiratory maneuver

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13
Q

What is the FEF50?

A

The instantaneous flow rate at which 50% of the VC remains to be exhaled (also called Vmax50)

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14
Q

What occurs in an obstructive airway disease?

A

There is an obstruction to the flow of air resulting in an increased resistance to the movement of air into or out of the airways. Can be inside the lumen, in the airway wall, or surrounding the airway.

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15
Q

What are examples of obstructive airway diseases?

A

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, aspiration of foreign material

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16
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Governs laminar flow (parallel airway flow), R=(8nl)/(pir4) (R=resistance, n=viscosity of inspired air, l=length of the airway, r=radius of the airway).

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17
Q

What effect does the radius have on resistance to flow?

A

As radius decreases by a factor of 2, resistance to the flow of air increases by 16.

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18
Q

What is the major site of airway resistance?

A

The large bronchi, contribute most to total airway resistance.

19
Q

Describe airway resistance in the airways.

A

Additive. Resistance in airways=R(large) + R(medium) +R(small)

20
Q

What features are in an asthmatic bronchial wall?

A

Mucous, mucosal edema, increased mucous glands, and contracted hypertrophied muscle

21
Q

What helps asthmatic patients?

A

Giving them low density gas like helium to decrease air resistance.

22
Q

What are restrictive airway diseases?

A

Diseases where it is not possible to physically fill the lungs with air - full expansion of the lung is restricted. Can result from conditions that stiffen the lungs, chest wall, or problems with muscles or nerves in respiration

23
Q

What types of restrictive airway diseases are there?

A

Alterations in the parenchyma, diseases of the pleura, diseases of the chest wall, diseases of neuromuscular apparatus.

24
Q

What type of lung disease does fibrosis cause?

A

Restrictive airway disease. Loss of elastic tissue of the lungs due to non-elastic fibre, which stiffens the lung.

25
Q

Describe the FEV and FVC in obstructive diseases.

A

FEV is much smaller. FVC is smaller. Due to narrow airway and premature closing.

26
Q

Describe the FEV and FVC in restrictive diseases.

A

FEV is smaller and FVC is smaller. Can exhale very quickly but can’t move as much air.

27
Q

What is a ventillation rate?

A

The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with time.

28
Q

What is minute ventillation?

A

Minute ventillation = tidal volume * breaths/min

29
Q

Why isn’t all of the air available for gas exchange?

A

Dead space - volume of the airways that do not participate in gas exchange (conducting zones)

30
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

Volume of conducting airways (all those structures that do not have alveoli)

31
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

Volumes of the lungs which do no participate in gas exchange. Anatomic dead space + functional dead space in the alveoli.

32
Q

Why may the physiological dead space become significantly larger than anatomic dead space?

A

Due to ventilation-perfusion imbalances (ie, blood flow and no gas exchange or gas exchange but no blood flow)

33
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation more useful to measure than minute ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation is the volume of air that enters the alveoli per minute (actually gets down to the alveoli), whereas minute ventilation includes physiological dead space. Therefore, alveolar ventilation (VA) is always less than minute ventilation.

34
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

A 
VA= (VT-VD) x f
where VA=alveolar ventilation
VT=tidal volume
VD=dead space
f=breaths/min
35
Q

What does the alveolar ventilation equation describe?

A

The inverse relationship between alveolar ventilation and alveolar PCO2 (PACO2)

36
Q

How can we predict PACO2?

A

When we know the:

  1. Rate of CO2 production from aerobic metabolism
  2. Alveolar ventilation, which removes CO2 in expired air
37
Q

What is the alveolar ventilation equation formula?

A

VA=(VCO2 x K)/(PACO2)

38
Q

What does the alveolar gas equation describe?

A

Describes the relationship between alveolar Po2 and Pco2

39
Q

What is the alveolar gas equation?

A 
PAo2=PIo2 - (PAco2/R) + F
where PAo2=alveolar Po2 
PIo2=PO2 in inspired air
PAco2=alveolar PCO2
R=respiratory quotient (usually 0.8)
F=correction factor
40
Q

What is the respiratory quotient?

A

(rate of CO2 production)/(O2 consumption)

Usually 0.8

41
Q

How do we measure lung volumes and capacities simply?

A

Spirometry

42
Q

What can detect abnormalities in lung function?

A

Pulmonary function testing

43
Q

What can be used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?

A

FVC and FEV1

44
Q

What can cause bronchodilation?

A

Stimulation of B-adrenergic receptors

Human Systems Physiology (29 decks)

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