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PSC1002- Physiology > respiratory system L14-18 > Flashcards

respiratory system L14-18 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory functions

A

gas exchange
regulation of body pH
pathogen/ irritant protection
vocalisation

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2
Q

conducting systems

A

upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity/ pharynx/ larynx)
lower respiratory tract (trachea/ bronchi/ bronchioles)

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3
Q

nasal cavity function

A

debris filtration
antibacterial secretion
olfactory receptors
voice resonance

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4
Q

pharynx functions

A

soft palate component for swallowing
protection from mechanical stress

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5
Q

larynx function

A

sound production
prevents food/ liquids entering respiratory tract

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6
Q

epithelial cells of conducting system

A

goblet
ciliated
mucociliary escalator

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7
Q

goblet cell function

A

secrete mucus for continuous mucus layer

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8
Q

ciliated cells

A

produce saline and sweep mucus up to pharynx

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9
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

removes noxious particles from lungs

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10
Q

NKCC

A

Na+ K+2Cl- symporter

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11
Q

CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel

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12
Q

mucus secretion

A
  1. NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial membrane
  2. apical anion channels allow Cl- into lumen
  3. ECF Na+ to lumen
  4. NaCl movement from ECF to lumen
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13
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

deficient CFTR therefore less liquid component of mucus ^viscosity and colonisation of bacteria as mucus can’t be cleared

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14
Q

c-shaped cartilage support

A

trachea patence
flexible enough for diameter change in pulmonary ventilation

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15
Q

bronchi to bronchioles

A

fewer/ irregular cartilage plate
epithelium > columnar cells
^smooth muscle

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16
Q

ventilation mechanics

A

pressure changes
diaphragm
respiratory muscles

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17
Q

resp system at rest

A

diaphragm relaxed
intrapulm pressure = atm pressure
no air movement

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18
Q

resp system on inspiration

A

thoracic volume ^
diaphragm contraction/ flattening
insp muscle contraction

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19
Q

resp system on expiration

A

thoracic volume decrease
diaphragm relaxation

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20
Q

Boyle’s law

A

at constant temp/ no. gas molecules, pressure and volume are inversely related

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21
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure within alveoli

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22
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

pull of gravity on air

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23
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity
doesn’t equalise w atm pressure ~4mmHg less than intrapulm and atm pressure due to elastic recoil

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24
Q

pleural sac

A

2 membranes of elastic tissue/ capillaries around each lung

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25
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer layer of serous membrane, fused to rib cage/ diaphragm and other local structures
folds in on itself at hilum > visceral pleura

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26
Q

pleural fluid

A

thin fluid film within cavity
keeps lung and chest wall together
lubricant for lung movement in thorax
maintains lung inflation at rest

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27
Q

physical pulmonary factors

A

airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance

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28
Q

airway resistance

A

forces of friction causing opposition to flow

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29
Q

airway resistance factors

A

length of system
airway diameter
laminar/ turbulent flow
gas viscosity

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30
Q

inflammation / mucus secretion effect on airway resistance

A

increases

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31
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

reciprocal of elasticity

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32
Q

lung compliance factors

A

surfactant compliance
distensibility of elastic tissue of the lung
ability of chest wall to move/ stretch in inspiration

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33
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

surfactant creates gas-water boundary in each alveolus
H-bonds due to partial charges vs no H-bonds in gas

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34
Q

alveolar surface tension factors

A

increase w decreasing diameter of alveolus

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35
Q

autonomic control of bronchial tone

A

bronchiole diameter controlled by smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

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36
Q

central control of bronchial tone

A

para innervation of airways > bronchoconstriction ^resistance

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37
Q

non-neural control of bronchial tone

A

symp B2 receptors on smooth muscles activated by circulating adrenergic agonists
bronchodilation and decreasing R

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38
Q

law of la Place

A

pressure = 2T/r
2*surface tension/ radius

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39
Q

atolectasis

A

collapse of alveolus due to surface tension

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40
Q

surfactant

A

surface active agent
contains proteins and phospholipids
polar and non-polar end

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41
Q

where’s surfactant produced?

A

TII alveolar cells
majorly in last 10-12 gestation weeks

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42
Q

surfactant amount with alveoli size

A

smaller alveoli size ^surfactant

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43
Q

emphysema

A

alveoli loss and therefore less elastic recoil

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44
Q

fibrosis

A

elastic tissue replaced w scar tissue

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45
Q

spirometer function

A

measures lung volumes and capacities over time

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46
Q

tidal volume

A

volume inspired/ expired with each normal breath

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47
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximal volume that can be expired over the inspiration of a tidal volume

48
Q

residual volume

A

volume that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
*only whole body plethysmography can measure

49
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

volume of maximal inspiration

50
Q

functional residual capacity

A

vol of gas remaining in lungs after normal expiration

51
Q

vital capacity

A

vol of maximal inspiration and expiration

52
Q

total lung capacity

A

vol of lung after maximal inspiration

53
Q

forced vital capacity function

A

assesses respiratory function
max inspiration then expiration fast
measures vital capacity and time

54
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiration volume / vol expired in first second of forced expiration

55
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

decreasing FVC/ normal FEV1
e.g. pulmonary fibrosis

56
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

normal FVC/ decreasing FEV1
e.g. asthma/ bronchitis

57
Q

dead space

A

conducting airways not contributing to gas exchange

58
Q

anatomic dead space

A

volume of conducting airways

59
Q

physiologic dead space

A

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

60
Q

alveolar dead space

A

non-functioning alveoli

61
Q

total pulmonary ventilation

A

ventilation rate * tidal volume
~6L/min

62
Q

total alveolar ventilation average

A

~4.2L/min

63
Q

respiration rate

A

12-20 breaths / min

64
Q

alveolar gas exchange influences

A

PERFUSION
gas diffusion (sa/ distance > thickness/ amount of fluid)

65
Q

gas movement factors

A

pressure gradient of gas
gas solubility in liquid
temperature

66
Q

dalton law

A

total pressure= sum of pressures exerted by individual gases

67
Q

Henry’s law

A

at constant temp, pressure and solubility affects amount of gas dissolved in a liquid

68
Q

gas movement factors

A

pressure
temp
solubility

69
Q

CO2 vs O2 solubility

A

CO2> O2

70
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

low pressure system
high flow
~5L/min

71
Q

fick’s law

A

flux= (permeability * conc difference)/distance

72
Q

hyperventilation

A

^PO2

73
Q

hypoventilation

A

decreasing PO2
hypoxemia

74
Q

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

A

^PO2 exposure in chamber
treats anaemia/ severe blood loss/ decompression sickn ess

75
Q

fibrotic lung disease

A

thickened alveolar membrane

76
Q

pulmonary oedema

A

interstitial fluid ^ diffusion distance
^CO2 solubility in water

77
Q

asthma

A

^airway resistance and decreasing alveolar ventilation

78
Q

alveolar regional variations in inspired air factors

A

posture
inspiration rate/ amount

79
Q

lung ventilation variation

A

base ventilated ~50% more than apex

80
Q

gravity effects on ventilation

A

affects p artery hydrostatic pressure/ p vein pressure/ alveolar air pressure

81
Q

V/Q mismatch

A

causes L-shunt

82
Q

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A

blood flow redirection to ventilated alveoli
^gas exchange

83
Q

% oxygen dissolved in plasma vs Hb

A

plasma <2%
Hb >98%

84
Q

PO2 at rest:
arterial blood
tissue level

A

100mmHg
40 mmHg

85
Q

% O2 dissociates from HbO4

A

25-30%

86
Q

PO2 at exercise:
arterial blood
tissue level
% O2 dissociates from HbO4

A

100mmHg
15-40mmHg
~85%

87
Q

effect on O2 saturation curve:
^pCO2
decreasing pH
^temp

A

shifts right

88
Q

T-conformations

A

tense (deoxygenated) > crevice w haem narrows
relax (oxygenated) > easier O2 access

89
Q

2,3-DPG increase situations

A

chronic lung disease
anaemia
congestive heart failure
lower atm PO2

90
Q

diphosphoglycerate production location

A

erythrocytes

91
Q

diphosphoglycerate function

A

interacts w B-chains of Hb
^O2 tissue delivery
shifts dissociation curve to right

92
Q

anaemia

A

O2 blood content reduction
less Hb

93
Q

foetal Hb

A

efficient gas exchange between maternal/ foetal blood-streams or foetal blood stream to foetal tissue

94
Q

foetal Hb function

A

takes up O2 at PO2 values at which maternal Hb is releasing it
2nd month pregnancy> 6 months old
not affected by 2,3-DPG

95
Q

foetal Hb structure

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma globins

96
Q

CO2 transport formula
enzyme used?

A

CO2+H2O >/< H2CO3 >/< HCO3 + H+
(carbonic anhydrase)

97
Q

carbaminohaemoglobin production and function

A

CO2 + Hb
favours T conformation, ^O2 release in high CO2 areas

98
Q

reversible binding to Hb iron of carbon monoxide

A

carboxyhaemoglobin
*200 * affin of Hb for O2

99
Q

carbon monoxide functions

A

limits O2 carrying capacity
shifts Hb to relaxed conform

100
Q

carbon monoxide therapy

A

hyperbaric O2 therapy > facilitates CO dissociation

101
Q

nitric oxide

A

signalling molecule causing vasorelaxation (mediate O2 delivery)
O2-diss curve shift to left
binds oxy Hb and Fe2+ of unoxygenated Hb

102
Q

chemoreceptor ventilation monitoring

A

control networks in brain stem regulate somatic motor neurones associated w respiratory muscles

103
Q

pons

A

site of pontine respiratory group
affects medullary rythmicity centre
apneustic/ pneumotaxic centre

104
Q

medulla

A

site of respiratory rythmicity centre

105
Q

2 respiratory neurone types

A

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group

106
Q

DRG neurone activation

A

automatic rythmic breathing

107
Q

apneustic centre

A

dorsal location
stimulates insp neurones in medulla

108
Q

pneumotaxic

A

upper
antagonises/ dominates apneustic centre
decreases inspiration

109
Q

peripheral chemoreceptor location

A

aortic arch if aortic bodies
bifurcations of carotid bodies

110
Q

peripheral chemoreceptor function

A

samples O2/CO2/H+ content of passing blood
aortic body info transmission via vagus nerve/ carotid bodies via glossopharyngeal nerve
respond to pCO2 changes not pO2 in blood / cerbrospinal fluid

111
Q

CO2 level effects

A

^pCO2 >hyperventilation
decrease pCO2 >hypoventilation

112
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

H+ ions excluded from CSF entrance by blood-brain barrier > peripheral chemoreceptor

113
Q

herng breuer reflex

A

prevents lung over-inflation
stretch receptors in lung smooth muscle

114
Q

irritant receptors

A

rapid adaptation to mechanical stimuli w continuous stimulation
myelinated fibres in vagus impulse

115
Q

cough mechanism

A
  1. irritant receptors via vagus
  2. diaphragm/ external intercostal contraction
  3. low p in pleural cavity
  4. abdominal/expiratory muscles contract
  5. trachea collapse
116
Q

proprioception

A

passive movement of limbs> resp stimulation
anticipates ^O2 requirement and CO2 removal`

PSC1002- Physiology (8 decks)

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