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PSC1002- Physiology > cardiovascular system L5-10 > Flashcards

cardiovascular system L5-10 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of CVS

A

controlled/ continuous transfer
hormone transport
homeostasis

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2
Q

CVS structure

A

2 circulations in series (systemic> high and pulmonary> low)
unidirectional flow
equal blood vol in each circulation

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3
Q

which vessels carry blood away from heart?

A

aorta
pulmonary artery

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4
Q

which vessels carry blood into heart?

A

vena cava
pulmonary vein

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5
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

R - tricuspid
L- mitral/ bicuspid

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6
Q

semilunar valves

A

R- pulmonary
L- aortic

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7
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped by 1 ventricle

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8
Q

average stroke volume

A

~75ml at rest

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9
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped per ventricle per minute

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10
Q

cardiac output formula

A

heart rate * stroke volume

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11
Q

venous return

A

amount of blood returning to heart
at steady state VR=CO

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12
Q

arteries properties

A

high pressure
elastic
function for distribution

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13
Q

arterioles properties

A

high resistance
blood flow control to tissues

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14
Q

capillaries function

A

thin wall
arranged in parallel
exchange function

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15
Q

veins properties

A

decreasing pressure
one-way valves
capacitance/ collection function

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16
Q

pressure of fluid in motion rule

A

decreases with distance due to friction

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17
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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18
Q

biggest drop in pressure

A

from arterioles

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19
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

pressure averaged over time

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20
Q

blood flow relation to resistance

A

blood flow proportional to 1/ resistance

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21
Q

Darcy’s law

A

flow = change in pressure/ resistance

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22
Q

resistance factors

A

distance
vessel radius
blood viscosity

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23
Q

poiseuille’s law

A

flow proportional to change in pressure * radius^4

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24
Q

blood flow

A

volume/ minute

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25
Q

blood velocity

A

distance travelled / minute

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26
Q

blood velocity factors

A

flow
cross-sectional area

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27
Q

cardiac muscle cells

A

striated with T-tubules > SR
actin/ myosin/ troponin sarcomere
a.p generation to elevate cytoplasmic Ca2+ for contraction in excitation-contraction coupling

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28
Q

autorythmic

A

nerve supply regulated HR

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29
Q

2 groups of myocytes

A

conducting > fast spread of a.p’s
work> generate atrial/ ventricular force

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30
Q

heart beat initiation location

A

sino atrial node in right atrium

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31
Q

synctium

A

work cells interlinked by intercalated discs

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32
Q

spread of excitation from SAN

A

conducting fibres in atria/ ventricles
cell-cell via gap junctions

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33
Q

pacemaker potential function

A

spontaneously depolarizes to threshold so AP is generated, setting HR

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34
Q

ionic basis of electrical activity of SAN

A
  1. slow initial depolarization
  2. full depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. minimum potential phase
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35
Q

slow initial depolarization of SAN

A

cation leak via non-spec cation leak channels in PM

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36
Q

full depolarization of SAN

A

at threshold, v-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters cell

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37
Q

repolarization of SAN

A

Ca2+ channels close and K+ open

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38
Q

minimum potential phase of SAN

A

K+ remains open
membrane hyperpolarization and non-specific cation channels open, repeating cycle

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39
Q

ionic basis of electrical activity in ventricular muscle cell

A
  1. rapid depolarization
  2. initial repolarization
  3. plateau
  4. repolarization
40
Q

rapid depolarization of ventricular muscle cell

A

v-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters

41
Q

initial repolarization of ventricular muscle cell

A

Na+ channels inactivated and K+ leak

42
Q

plateau of ventricular muscle cell

A

Ca2+ channels open as K+ leave , prolonging depolarization

43
Q

repolarization of ventricular muscle cell

A

Na+/ Ca2+ channels close and K+ exits

44
Q

trigger Ca2+

A

v-gated Ca2+ channels in plateau phase lead to muscle contraction > Calcium induced Calcium release

45
Q

factors affecting force of contraction

A

sarcomere length
no. active cross-bridges (how much Ca2+ bound to troponin-C, depending on CICR amount)

46
Q

refractory period of heart

A

outlasts contraction period to prevent tetanus

47
Q

ECG

A

measures electrical signals conducted to body surface for depolarization/ repolarization/ disturbance recording
(summed electrical activity generated by all working cells of heart)

48
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

49
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

50
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

51
Q

arrythmia

A

abnormal heart rythmns
1. impulse propagation
2. impulse initiation

52
Q

cardiac cycle

A

cycle of pressure and volume changes in the heart chambers w contraction and relaxation

53
Q

cardiac cycle stages

A

1.ventricular filling/ late diastole
- atrial systole
2. isovolumetric ventricular contraction
- AV valves close
3. ventricular ejection
- semilunar valves open
4. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
cycle repeat

54
Q

systole

A

contraction

55
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

56
Q

end-diastolic volume

A

most blood in ventricles

57
Q

end-systolic volume

A

minimum blood in ventricles

58
Q

lubb

A

S1-AV valve closure

59
Q

dupp

A

S2-SL valve closure

60
Q

phonocardiogram

A

measure pressure over time
- all 4 valves can be individually listened to for functional abnormalities

61
Q

valve diseases

A

stenosis
incompetence (regurgitation/ leaky)

62
Q

arterial pressure wave

A

diastolic pessure
systolic pressure
dichrotic notch
aortic valve closure

63
Q

MAP formulae

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

64
Q

pulse pressure formulae

65
Q

systemic arterial blood pressure

A

measured at heart level on upper arm
systolic/ diastolic measurement
~120/80mmHg

66
Q

auscultation
2 types of flow?

A

measures systolic/ diastolic flow
laminar
turbulent

67
Q

laminar flow

A

silent flow w no compression

68
Q

turbulent flow

A

korotkoff sounds
pulsatile blood through artery

69
Q

cardiac output formula

A

stroke volume * Heart rate

70
Q

total peripheral resistance

A

sum of individual vessel resistance to flow

71
Q

mean arterial blood pressure formula

A

cardiac output * total peripheral resistance

72
Q

average cardiac output/ heart rate/ tidal volume at rest

A

4.9 L/min
70ml
70bpm

73
Q

parasympathetic neural control of heart

A

ACh
muscarinic ACh receptor activation

74
Q

sympathetic neural control of heart

A

NA
B1-adrenergic receptor activation

75
Q

sympathetic stimulation with SAN pacemaker

A

tachycardia

76
Q

tachycardia

A

increased HR due to steeper potential slope/ quicker threshold time

77
Q

parasympathetic stimulation w SAN pacemaker

A

bradycardia

78
Q

bradycardia

A

decreased HR
longer threshold time

79
Q

chronotropic effects

A

changes in HR

80
Q

2 mechanisms for stroke volume regulation

A

intrinsic
extrinsic

81
Q

Starling’s law of the heart

A

force of contraction proportional to initial muscle fibre length in diastole

82
Q

intrinsic neural regulation

A

VR^ ^EDV in diastole (stretching cardiac muscle) ^ force of contraction and stroke volume
intracellular Ca2+ lowers tension/ matches R/L input of heart/ heart adaptation when pumping/ prevents lung oedema

83
Q

extrinisic neural regulation

A

^sympathetic activity
enhances contractility/ NA/ binds to B1 adrenergic receptors
enhances SV
+inotropic effect

84
Q

lusitropic effect

A

changes in rate of muscle relaxation

85
Q

catecholamines

A

^ contractility by triggering more Ca2+

86
Q

what’s venous return maintained by?

A

venous-atrial pressure difference
skeletal muscle contraction
venometer tone
respiration

87
Q

arterioles function

A

control TPR
match local blood flow to local metabolic need (decreases tone w ^ need/ radius)

88
Q

arteriole radius control

A

local
hormonal
neural

89
Q

autoregulation of tissue blood flow

A

constant flow w ^pressure
intrinsic / myogenic smooth muscle activity
safety mechanism preventing damage to vessels

90
Q

flow formula

91
Q

metabolic control of tissue blood flow

A

*can override myogenic
metabolism-derived vasodilators&raquo_space; ^CO2/ ^H+ ^temp ^adenosine ^K+ / decreasing O2

92
Q

vasodilators

A

kinins
histamine
adrenaline

93
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

angiotensin II
vasopressin
adrenaline

94
Q

sympathetic vasoconstriction fibres

A

release NA
bind to a1-adrenergic receptor for vasoconstriction

95
Q

B-receptor vasodilation

A

epinephrine from B-receptor

96
Q

a-receptor vasoconstriction

A

norepinephrine from a-receptor

PSC1002- Physiology (8 decks)

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