Homeostasis and the autonomic nervous system L1

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

function integration of different organ systems for variable maintenance within a limited range in order to control internal environment

Question 2

homeostasis mechanism stages

Answer 2

stimuli
sensor
controller
effector
response

Question 3

negative feedback of retina

Answer 3

ganglia in retina detect ambient light/output via ANS for iris muscle adaptation

Question 4

iris muscle adaptation muscle and effects

Answer 4

constrictor> sphincter pupillae circular
radial> dilator pupillae

Question 5

control centres of ANS

Answer 5

hypothalamus
brain stem
spinal chord

Question 6

efferent pathways and relationship

Answer 6

parasympathetic and sympathetic
(antagonistic unconscious control)

Question 7

preganglionic origin

Answer 7

in CNS
Can synapse w many postganglionic neurones

Question 8

postganglionic origin

Answer 8

in autonomic ganglia

Question 9

hormones involved in fight or flight response

Answer 9

noradrenaline
adrenaline
osteocalcin
cortisol

Question 10

fight or flight mechanism stages

Answer 10

stimuli> amygdala centre > bone osteoblasts > osteocalcin > inhibits parasympathetic neurones

Question 11

preganglionic origin neurones para

Answer 11

cranial nerve
pelvic nerve > rectum/ bladder
(long!)

Question 12

postganglionic origin para

Answer 12

on/ near target organ
(short!)

Question 13

sympathetic
preganglionic origin
postganglionic origin

Answer 13

thoracic
2 paravertebral symp chains

Question 14

adrenal medulla location and function

Answer 14

innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurones
secretes adrenaline / noradrenaline into bloodstream

Question 15

ANS neurotransmitters

Answer 15

ACh
noradrenaline
adrenaline
non adrenergic/ cholinergic neurotransmitters

Question 16

ANS synapses

Answer 16

cholinergic (nicotinic/ muscarinic)
adrenergic (alpha/beta)

Question 17

nicotinic synapses

Answer 17

ganglia SNS/PNS
Neuromuscular junction
*curare blocks

Question 18

muscarinic synapses

Answer 18

PNS target organ
* atropine blocks

Question 19

alpha 1 adrenoreceptor postsynaptic

Answer 19

releases more NAdr than Adr
smooth muscle contraction/ vasoconstriction

Question 20

alpha 2 adrenoreceptor presynaptic

Answer 20

NAdr> Adr
decreases adrenergic/ chlinergic transmission
*phentolamine blocks

Question 21

B1 adrenoreceptors

Answer 21

heart
Adr=NAdr
^HR ^contraction force

Question 22

B2 adrenoceptors

Answer 22

Adr> NAdr
vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation
* propanolol blocks

Question 23

autonomic effectors

Answer 23

smooth and cardiac muscle
endocrine/ exocrine glands
adipose tissue

Question 24

tropicamide function

Answer 24

used to dilate pupil for retina inspection