respiratory system in humans Flashcards
revise
Trachea
Carries air to the bronchi
Bronchus
carries air to the lung
Bronchioles
small tube to the alveoli
Alveolus
where gas exchange takes place
intercoastal muscle
contract to move the ribs up and out
ribs, sternum, vertebral, column
protection of heart and lungs
Diaphragm
flat sheet of muscle between thorax and abdomen
inspiration
the ribcage needs to be pulled up and outwards to cause inhalation
expiration
the rib cage needs to be pulled down and inwards to cause exhalation
when you breathe in
- diaphragm goes down
-ribs expand
-lungs volume gets bigger
-pressure inside lungs decrease - ai moves in
when you breathe out
-diaphragm goes up
-ribs move inwards
-lungs volume get smaller
-pressure inside lungs increase
-air moves out
what happens to the intercoastal muscle when you breathe in
they contract
what happens to the intercoastal muscle when you breathe out
they relax
how do the ribs move when you breathe in
they move up
how do the ribs move when you breathe out
they move down
what happens do the diaphragm muscles when you breathe in
they contract
what happens do the diaphragm muscles when you breathe out
they relax
what happens to the diaphragm when you breathe in
it lowers
what happens to the diaphragm when you breathe out
it is raised
how is the volume of the chest when you breathe in
it increases
what happens to the volume of the chest when you breathe out
it decreases
what happens to the pressure in the chest when you breathe in
it decreases
what happens to the pressure in the chest when you breathe out
it increases
air pressure in the lungs (greater/lower) than the atmospheric pressure when you breathe in
it lowers
air pressure in the lungs (greater/lower) than the atmospheric pressure when you breathe out
it gets greater
air rushes in/out of the lungs when you breathe in
it rushes in
air rushes in/out of the lungs when you breathe out
it rushes out
Bell jar model (part of body?)
it represents the ribcage
how is the bell jar the same as its part of the body
approximately the same shape
how is the bell jar different to its part of the body
has no muscles attached to ‘ribs’ so is rigid and cant move up and down , in and out
balloon model ( part of real body)
lung
how is the balloon model similar to the real body part
it inflates and deflates
how is the balloon model different to the real body part
-single bag, not a series of tubes with terminal alveoli
-balloon does not fill the space, or shrink inside of ribcage
rubber sheet model (part of real body)
diaphragm
how is the rubber sheet model similar to the real body part
-domed up
- position matches
- position when air is exhaled
how is the rubber sheet model different to the real body part
- pulls down further than flat
- has to be pushed in and out by us
tube into balloon (part of real body)
trachea
how is the tube into the balloon similar to the real part of the body
the windpipe is relatively wide tube conducting air into lung
how is the tube into the balloon different to the real part of the body
is not held open by horseshoe shaped stiffening rings
where does Gas exchange occurs
it occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
what happens during gas exchange
oxygen passes into the blood by diffusion and at the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out
features that allow gas exchange in the alveolus
- they have moist lining to aid diffusion
-thin walls for faster diffusion
-give lungs a really big surface area for quicker diffusion
-tiny blood vessels called capillaries to pick up oxygen
Oxygen inhaled air
28%
Oxygen exhaled air
16%
reason for difference in exhaled and inhaled air OXYGEN
used in the body during respiration to produce energy
carbon dioxide inhaled air
0.04%
carbon dioxide exhaled air
4%
reason for difference with exhaled and inhaled air CARBON DIOXIDE
produced by the body during respiration
Nitrogen inhaled air
78%
Nitrogen exhaled air
78%
reason for difference with inhaled and exhaled air NITROGEN
not used by the body
inhaled air other gases
1%
exhaled air other gases
1%
reason for difference exhaled and inhaled air OTHER GASES
Not used by the body
inhaled air water vapour
variable
exhaled air water vapour
always higher
reason for difference between inhaled and exhaled air WATER VAPOUR
Moist lining of the alveolus
tar
a carcinogen (substance that causes cancer)
nicotine
is addictive and increases cholesterol levels in your body and heart rate and blood pressure
carbon monoxide
combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells reducing their capacity to carry oxygen
Cilia and mucus
- tar paralyses and kills cilia
- more mucus stays in the lungs
- more infection
-coughing causes damage to alveolar walls
effects of smoking
-cancer
-bronchitis
-emphhysema
-smokers cough
why do results on a graph about smoking not prove that smoking effects life expectancy
its only a correlation, there could be other factors
what does cilia do
beats and move mucus up trachea to be swallowed
huff and puff apparatus what does the limewater look like on the expired air side
it goes milky as there is more carbon dioxide
huff and puff apparatus what does the limewater look like on the inspired air side
it stays clear
what does the mucus do
traps any dust and bacteria in the air
what side is deoxygenated blood
left
what side is oxygenated blood
right
