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Biology Y10 > enzymes and digestion > Flashcards

enzymes and digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

properties of enzymes

A
  • proteins made of different amino acids
  • enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reaction
  • all enzymes are specific amd can only catalyse one type of molecule
    -work best at particular temp (optimum temp)
    -work best at a particular PH optimum PH
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2
Q

how do enzymes work

A

work by the lock and key model
a substrate is held in an active site, this increases the probability that a reaction will take place

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3
Q

absorption of food in the small intestine

A

small soluble food molecules diffuse into the bloodstream in the small intestine

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4
Q

digestion of protein

A

amino acids

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5
Q

gall bladder function

A

stores bile produced by liver in the breakdown of fat

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6
Q

testing for starch of digestion

A

iodine
method- add brown iodine to some food
positive result - blue black colour

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7
Q

what does bile do

A

increases the PH of the small intestine to the optimum for lipase

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8
Q

what does bile breakdown

A

bile emulsifies fats, which means breaking down large droplets of fat to smaller droplets, this increases the surface area of the fats for the enzyme lipase to work

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9
Q

how to calculate energy (J)

A

rise in temp X volume of water X4.2 / mass of food

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10
Q

saturated fat

A

tends to be from animal fat.
its high in cholestrol and increases the chances of developing heart disease, obesity

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11
Q

what does carbohydrase contain

A

they contain a lot of energy, foods that contain fat contain alot of energy because 1g of fat has twice as much energy

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12
Q

molecules of digestive system

A
  • the molecules must be small enough and soluble to pass through
  • other molecules are too large and insoluble
  • before these molecules can be absorbed into the blood, they must be digested into small soluble molecules
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13
Q

stomach

A

secretes stomach acid PH2
secretes protease

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14
Q

method using visking tubing as a model gut

A
  • visking tube is filled with a mixture of starch, glucose, fats and proteins and left for 30 min
  • the water is then tested for them
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15
Q

metabolic reaction

A
  • involve building large molecules from small ones as well as breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
  • these reactions are controlled by a special type of molecule called an enzyme
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16
Q

similarities of model gut (visking tubing)

A
  • food molecules are contained in a tube whose walls are permeable only to small molecules
  • the food in a tube is a mixture of large and small molecules
  • the tube is surrounded by liquid that contains a low concentration of food molecules
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17
Q

enzymes work best at a particular temp the optimum

A
  • if the temp is higher or lower than tis temp the enzymes will catalyse the molecule at a much slower rate
  • if the temp gets too high the enzymes active site will change shape and stop working , called denaturation
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18
Q

digestion of starch

A

Glucose

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19
Q

mouth function

A

starch digestion begins by carbohydrase in saliva

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20
Q

bile duct function

A

carries bile to small intestine

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21
Q

digestive enzymes

A

they speed the process of breaking down large insoluble molecules to small soluble molecules

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22
Q

what are the digestive enzymes

A

carbohydrase
protease
lipase

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23
Q

carbohydrase

A

food= starch
product= glucose
used for= provide energy

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24
Q

protease

A

food= proteins
product= amino acids
used for= making proteins for growth and repair

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25
Q

how and why is fibre excreted from the body

A

its excreted from the body as faeces as its not possible to digest and absorb it into the blood

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26
Q

stages of digestive system

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • egestion
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27
Q

protein

A

needed for growth, protein is used to produce new cells and repair the body

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28
Q

carbohydrates

A

they are needed for energy

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29
Q

high salt diet

A
  • can increase blood pressure
    -high blood pressure can lead to increased chance of heart attack, stroke or kidney disease
30
Q

why does the graph increase

A

enzyme and substrate have more kinetic energy and collide more often, the rate of reaction increases

31
Q

minerals

A

these keep us healthy

32
Q

the optimum PH

A

it varies according to where the enzyme is found
eg ph2 in the stomach but ph10 in small intestine

33
Q

the PH is far below or above the optimum

A

the enzyme is denatured, no reaction can occur

34
Q

where is excess energy stored

A

as fat

35
Q

what can obesity lead to

A
  • heart disease
  • high blood pressure
  • type 2 diabetes
  • cancer of bowel
36
Q

what happens when you light food

A

the energy content can be released

37
Q

what happens when you hold a burning food under a known volume of water

A

the temp increase can be measured

38
Q

hot fat

A
  • can spit
  • can burn skin when burning food
  • use pot to hold food
39
Q

sharp needle

A
  • can cut skin
  • use tongs to pick food up
40
Q

hot flame/ boiling tube

A
  • can burn
  • you should wait until cool
41
Q

too much sugar can lead to

A

-type 2 diabetes
-obesity
-tooth decay

42
Q

vitamins

A

keep us healthy

43
Q

fibre

A

provides bulk in the digestive system and helps movement of food by peristalsis
a lack of fibre can lead to constipation

44
Q

fats

A

provide energy

45
Q

water

A

an essential part of many body processes and functions

46
Q

lipase

A

foods= fats
product= fatty acids, glycerol
used for= provide energy
breaks down fat

47
Q

how do you ensure a more accurate experiment when investigating enzyme activiy

A

use a colourchart or a colourimeter

48
Q

amylase enzyme could get transferred to the eyes from the hands

A

10% amylase enzyme solution is irritant
control measure= wear eye protection

49
Q

amylase enzyme could get on to the skin when pouring into the tube

A

10% amylase enzyme solution is irritant
control measure= wash has=ns immediately, gloves

50
Q

enzymes

A

an enzyme is a biological catalyst it speeds up a reaction, but it does not take part in the reaction

51
Q

testing for protein of digestion

A

biuret
method- add blue biuret to some food in a test tube
positive result- lilac colour

52
Q

how is food moved along digestive system

A

food is moved by the contraction of muscles in the gut wall. this is called peristalsis

53
Q

digestion of fat

A

glycerol = fatty acids

54
Q

anus

A

egestion of waste

55
Q

large intestine

A

absorption of water

56
Q

when the graph is at the highest temp but lowest point on graphy

A

causes the specific shape of the active site to be destroyed, the enzyme can no longer bind with its substrate, no reaction can occur enzyme is denature

57
Q

pancreas

A

secretes lipase, protease and carbohydrase into the small intestine

58
Q

small intestine

A

continued digestion of carbohydrase by carbohydrase to glucose and proteins by protease to amino acids, lipase digest fats to fatty acids and glycerol
soluble products of digeSTion absorbed into blood
PH 7-8

59
Q

steps of peristalsis

A
  • muscles in the wall of the gut contract
  • food is pushed along the digestive system
60
Q

liver function

A

production and secretion of bile

61
Q

how is the concentration gradient for diffusion maintained

A

a relatively large surface area produced by the villi
a rich blood supply which carries small soluble molecules away to the rest of body

62
Q

testing for glucose digestion

A

benedicts
method= add blue benedicts too some food in a test tube
place the test tube in boiling water bath for 5 min
positive result= turns green, orange then brick red

63
Q

function of digestive system

A

digest large insoluble molecules to small soluble ones by using enzymes
absorb small soluble molecules into the blood

64
Q

example of vitamin C

A

oranges (citrus fruits)

65
Q

what mixes with food in the stomach to help break it down

A

gastric juice

66
Q

oesophagus function

A

transport food entering the mouth through the throat and into the stomach.

67
Q

limitations of using visking tube model gut

A

Smaller surface area due to lack of villi

68
Q

why is using distilled water in the model gut (visking) a limitation

A

Does not flow so concentration gradient is not maintained

69
Q

how many grams of salt per day should an adult have

A

6g

70
Q

how many grams of salt per day should a child have

A

4g

71
Q

what is the lock and key structure called

A

substrate and enzyme complex

72
Q

glucose

A

provides energy

Biology Y10 (3 decks)

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