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Respiration Physiology > Respiratory System I > Flashcards

Respiratory System I Flashcards

1
Q

Briefly describe the function of nasal passages

A

Nasal passages are also called nasal sinuses, are cavities lined with mucus but also serve as resonating chambers for speech

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2
Q

Function of the larynx

A

Also called voice box, is a short passageway connecting laryngopharynx with the trachea

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3
Q

Explain how the epiglottis function

A

During swallowing larynx and the pharynx rise causing epiglottis to move down and closes off the glottis. This prevents food and liquids from entering the airways, cause them to move into the oesophagus.

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4
Q

Function of the trachea

A

Also called windpipe, is a tubular passageway for air extending from the larynx to superior border of the bronchii

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5
Q

What does the trachea consist of?

A

Consists of c-shaped semi-rigid hyaline cartilages which provide support to the tracheal wall to prevent it from collapsing inwardly

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6
Q

What is formed by the dividing trachea at the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebrae

A

Bronchi

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7
Q

Name 2 bronchii

A

Left pulmonary bronchus
Right pulmonary bronchus

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8
Q

Describe the structural suitability of the bronchus

A

Their wall, there’s less extensive curved cartilage plates which also maintain a reasonable amount of rigidity yet allow for sufficient motion for the lungs to expand and contract

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9
Q

Pulmonary bronchii divide into what?

A

Divide into secondary bronhioles

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10
Q

Secondary bronchioles divide into?

A

Divide into tertiary bronchioles

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11
Q

Name the structures that divide until bronchioles

A

Bronchioles are formed when the division of the secondary Bronchioles and tertiary Bronchioles with the smaller branches forming terminal bronchioles and finally the respiratory bronchioles

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12
Q

Briefly explain what keep the bronchioles from collapsing

A

The bronchioles are not prevented from collapsing by means of cartilages, instead they are kept expanded mainly by the same transpilmonary pressures that expand the alveoli

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13
Q

When the alveoli expand and enlarge what happen to the bronchioles

A

The bronchioles Also expand and enlarges but to a lesser degree

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14
Q

What is phonation

A

Production or uttering of sound or speech

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15
Q

What is a specialized structure adapted for producing vibrations during speech production.

A

Larynx

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16
Q

Vibrating elements of the larynx are known as what?

A

Vocal cords or vocal folds

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17
Q

During normal building what does vocal cords do?

A

Are wide open to allow easy passage of air

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18
Q

What does the vocal cords do during process of phonolation

A

The cords move together such that the passage of air between them will cause vibration

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19
Q

Briefly name 2 physiological processes that determine picth of the vibration

A
  1. the degree of the stretch of the cord
  2. How tight the cord are approximated to one another and by the mass of their edges
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20
Q

How the organs involved in respiration change during inhalation

A

Elevated rib cage
Diaphragmatic contraction
Internal intercoastals relaxed
External intercoastal contracted
Increased A-P diameter
Increased vertical diameter

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21
Q

What happen to abdominals during expiration

A

Abdominals contract

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22
Q

Under Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation. Explain what happen during inspiration

A

Diaphragm contractes (flattened), external intercoastal muscles (also sternocleidomastoid, anterior serratu and scalenj muscles) contract, ribcage elevates and thoracic cavity increases (A-P diameter increases). Intrapulmonary pressure decreases, lungs expand and air flows in

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23
Q

Explain what happen during expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes (dome shape), internal intercoastal muscles contract, abdominal rectus muscles contract, ribcage depresses, thoracic cavity decreases (A-P diameter decreases), intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out.

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24
Q

The most rostral and dorsal subsets of which muscleses have an insipiratory mechanical advantage

A

External intercoastal muscles
Parasternal subset of internal intercoastal muscles

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25
Q

The most of which muscles have an expiratory mechanical advantages

A

Caudala subset of the external intercoastal muscles
The triangularis sterni muscle (transversus thoracis)

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26
Q

Bucket handle and water pump handle effects
Name 2 structures

A

Vertebra
Sternum

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27
Q

Explain in details what is pleural pressure

A

Pressure of the fluid found between the lung pleura (viscerally and parietal) and the chest wall pleura. This pressure is slightly negative.
Normally pleural pressure is 5 cm of water at the beginning of inspiration. Expansion of thoracic cage pulls outward on the lungs with greater force and creates more negative pressure 7,5 cm of water

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28
Q

Explain Alveolar Pressure

A

Pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli. Alveolar Pressure equal to atmospheric Pressure = no movement of air in and out of the respiratory tree (including the alveoli).
Alveolar Pressure is slightly below (-1cm of water) the atmospheric Pressure (below 0) during inspiration =0.5 L of air flow into lungs.

During expiration alveolar Pressure rises above atmospheric Pressure (+1 cm of water) = 0.5 L of air flow out of the lungs.

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29
Q

Explain Transpulmonary pressure

A

Difference in pressure between the alveolar Pressure with pleural pressure. It is a measure of the elastic forces in the lungs that tend to collapse the lungs at each instant of respiration, the recoil pressure

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30
Q

Based on Sympathetic dilation of the bronchioles.
Walls of bronchioles are composed of what?

A

Composed of Smooth muscle cells

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31
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are composed of what?

A

Pulmonary epithelium and underlying fibrous tissue with just a few smooth muscles fibres.

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32
Q

The direct control of bronchioles by Sympathetic nerve fibers is relatively weak.
True or false

A

True

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33
Q

Following up from the previous question. What causes it’s the be weak.?

A

Because few of these fibers penetrate to the central portion of the lungs

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34
Q

Under Sympathetic dilation of the bronchioles. The bronchial tree is very much exposed to what? Explain in details.

A

The bronchial tree is very much exposed to epinephrine and norepinephrine released into the blood by the Sympathetic stimulating of the medullae of the adrenal gland. Both these hormones, more especially eli epinephrine (because of its greater stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors), cause dilation of the bronchial tree

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35
Q

What happen during exercise under Sympathetic dilation of the bronchioles.

A

During exercise, activity of Sympathetic nervous system increase and adrenal medullae releases epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) hormones which cause relaxation of smooth muscles in the bronchioles. This causes increased dilation of the bronchioles (bronchidilation). More air reaches alveoli faster thus improved ventilation

36
Q

Explain in details what happens under parasympathetic constriction of the bronchioles

A

The parasympathetic nervous system Hage opposite effect on the bronchioles causing smooth muscles contraction, bronchoconstriction
Few parasympathetic nerve fibers from vagus nerve penetrate the lung parenchyma. These nerves secrete acetylcholine (Ach) and when activated cause mild-moderate constriction of the bronchioles
Parasympathetic nerves can also be activated by reflexes originating within the lungs. Most of these reflexes begin as an irritation of the epithelial membrane of the respiratory passageways, initiated by noxious gases, dust, cigarette smoke or bronchial infections.
A bronchiolar constrictor reflex can also happen when microemboli occlude small pulmonary arteries.

37
Q

List local secretory factors may cause bronchiolar constriction

A

Several substances formed in the lungs are often quite active in causing bronchiolar constriction

2 most important factors of these are:
Histamine
Slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis

38
Q

Both histamine and slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis are released from where?

A

Both of these are released in the lung tissues by mast cells during allergic reactions, especially those caused by pollen in the air.

39
Q

What is surfactant

A

Surface active agent in water, greatly reduces surfaces tension of water.

40
Q

What secrete surfactants?

A

Secreted by special surfactant-secreting epithelial cells, type II alveolar epithelial cells

41
Q

What is Type II alveolar cells

A

Are granular cells, contain lipids secreted in the surfactant into the alveoli

42
Q

Surfactants is the complex mixture of what

A

Phospholipids, proteins and ions

43
Q

What are most important components of surfactant

A

Most important are phospholipid dipalmitoly phosphotidycholine, surfactant apoproteins and calcium ion

44
Q

Most dipalmitoyl phosphotydcholine and several less important phospholipid are responsible for what?

A

Reducing the surface tension
They achieve this by not dissolving uniformly in the fluid lining the alveolar surface. Instead part of the molecule dissolves while the remainder spreads over the surface of the water in the alveoli

45
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Volume air of inspired air or expired air with each normal breath

46
Q

What is Max inspirationn reserve volume

A

Extra volume of the air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume when the person inspires with full volume.

47
Q

What is Max expiration reserve volume

A

Max extra volume of air that can be expired forceful expiration after the end of normal tidal volume expiration

48
Q

What is the residual lung volume(RV)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a very forceful expiration

49
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

Amount of air a person can breath in the beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending the lung to the max amount

50
Q

Forced vital capacity

A

Max amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after 1st filling the lungs to their max extent and then expiring to the max extent

51
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

Amount of air that remain in the lungs after the end of normal expiration

52
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

Max volume to which a lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort

53
Q

Inspiratory capacity formula

A

TV+IRV(~3500)

54
Q

Forced vital capacity volume formula

A

IRV+TV+EVR (~4600ml)

55
Q

What is functional residual capacity formula

A

ERV+ RV (~2300 ml)

56
Q

What is total lung capacity formula

A

VC+RV(5800 ml)

57
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in 1 second

A

Amount of volume of air that can be forcefully expelled after a maximal inhalation in 1 second

58
Q

FEV 1 is measured using what?

A

It is measured by spirometer

59
Q

What does a spirometer measures also

A

FVC

60
Q

Measuring of FEV 1 and FVC are related to which factors

A

Sex, height, age and ethnicity

61
Q

Different between the FEV 1 and FVC shows what?

A

Shows different in lungs diseases

62
Q

What can be use to distinguish between the disease

A

Reduction of FEV 1 and FVC

63
Q

Expressing FEV 1 as a percentage of the predicted FEV 1 is a good measure of what ?

A

Airflow limitations and used in clinically in comparison of disease severity between patients

64
Q

THE FEV 1 IN HEALTH PEOPLE IS NOMRMALLY WHAT PERCENTAGE?

A

80%

65
Q

The FEV 1/ FVC ratio is used?

A

Measure the airway of obstruction

66
Q

Name 3 obstructive lungs disease

A

Asthma
COPD
Emphysema

67
Q

In the patient with obstructive lung disease the ratio of FEV1/FVC is what?

A

Less than 0.7

68
Q

In patient who are asthmatic what will be EFV1 and FVC ?

A

Reduced FEV1 and FVC, but FEV1 percentage of FVC would also be reduced

69
Q

Explain in relative yo FEV1 and FVC about the restrictive lung disease

A

Interstitial lung disease, respiratory muscles weakens and thoracic cage deformities such as kyphpscoliosis, both FEV1 and FVC are reduced but the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal

70
Q

What does the patient with COPD eg asthma experience

A

Experience period of cute deterioration in symptoms and increased airway inflammation with respiratory viruses being an important trigger

71
Q

What does the exacerbation causes?

A

Important cause of mortality and morbidity, excess winter hospital admissions and impairment of quality life

72
Q

What happen during age of 30 years

A

FEV 1 normally declines but this declines is accelerated in COPD

73
Q

Stage I mild

A

FEV1/FVC < 0.7 and FEV1 >equal 80% predictions

74
Q

Stage II moderate

A

FEV1/FVC <0.7 and 50%<FEV1 <80% predicted

75
Q

Stage III severe

A

FEV1/FVC < 0.7 and 30 % <FEV1<50% predicted

76
Q

Stage iv very severe

A

FEV1/FVC < 0.7 and FEV 1< 30% predicted or FEV 1 < 50% predicted plus chronic respiratory failure

77
Q

What happen during Max Respiratory volume

A

When the person expires with the great force, the expiratory airflow reaches a max flow beyond which the flow cannot be increased any more even with a greatly increased additional force
The maximum expiratory flow is much greater than the lungs are filled with a large volume of air than when they are almost empty

78
Q

What is peak flow meter

A

Is a simple gauge that is used to measure the maximum flow of expired air

79
Q

What does a patient do when measuring the maximum expiratory flow

A

A patient is asked to take a full breath in but rather than a prolonged expiration a rapid forced maximal expiratory puff its made through the mouth

80
Q

The volume obtained depends on what?

A

Depends largely on airways diameter

81
Q

Normal values of peak flow meter is what?

A

600 litres per minutes for young men and 400 litres per minutes for young women

82
Q

The value of peak flow meter also depends on what?

A

Height, sex, age

83
Q

Airway obstruction depends on what?

A

Reduced and variable PEF

84
Q

When is PEF is most useful

A

When used for serial estimates of lung function

85
Q

It is a _________ of assessing and following patterns with __________, but is rather effort dependent

A

Simple way
Airway obstruction

86
Q
A

Respiration Physiology (4 decks)

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