Respiratory System and Blood Flashcards
0
Q
What are the sinus and the meatus lined with?
A
Respiratory mucosa. ( PSCC + thin lamina propria)
1
Q
What are the paranasal cavities?
A
Cavities within the bones of the face.
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
2
Q
What is at the most posterior portion of the soft palate?
A
Uvula
The soft palate rises during swallowing to prevent material form entering the nasal cavity.
3
Q
What do ALL areas of the Respiratory system have?
A
Mucosa (lining)
A sub mucosa
A connective tissue support layer ( bone or cartilage)
4
Q
Transports air in and out. NO gas exchange occurs here. These areas clean, warm, and humidify and transport the air.
A
Conducting zones
5
Q
Sites of gas exchange between air and blood
A
Respiratory zones
There is ALWAYS a mix of OLD and NEW air in the respiratory zone!
6
Q
What are the functions of the Respiratory System?
A
Exchange O2 and CO2 between the air and the cells.
Helps to maintain a normal pH in the blood
7
Q
Moving air in and out of the lungs or breathing
A
Ventilation
8
Q
Exchange of the gasses between air and the blood
A
External respiration
9
Q
Transporting the gasses is a function of the______ and __________. ____ is carried from the lungs to the _______, and _______ from the______ to the lungs.
A
Blood. Circulatory systems
O2. Tissues
CO2. Tissues
10
Q
Internal respiration
A
The exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue (interstitial) fluids and cells
11
Q
This “ drives” it ALL!
A
Cellular respiration
Glucose + O2——->CO2 + H2O + heat
energy transfer
ADP + phosphate group ——> ATP
12
Q
The most common area connecting the nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus
A
Pharynx
13
Q
The most superior portion of the pharynx
A
Nasopharyngeal
14
Q
Pharynx: mucosa
Sub mucosa
A
Epithelial lining of PSCC…. This is the are that the soft palate and uvula seal off during swallowing.
Submucosa the pharyngeal tonsils ( adenoids)
Opening the auditory tubes are found on the nasopharyngeal
15
Q
Inferior to the Nasopharynx but posterior to the oral cavity is the?
A
Oropharynx
16
Q
Oropharynx: mucosal lining and why?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
It provides better protection from the friction of food
** The palatine and lingual tonsils are located here**
17
Q
The most inferior part of the pharynx?
A
Laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous…food and air move through this area
18
Q
” Gatekeeper” of the trachea
Routes food down the esophagus and air into the trachea
A
Larynx
19
Q
Sits inferior to the hyoid bone
Anterior to the esophagus
Superior to the trachea
A
Larynx
** primary area of voice production**
20
Q
The single smallest opening in the respiratory system that air must pass through
A
Glottis
21
Q
This cartilage supports the superior and anterior part of the larynx
Just inferior to it is the__________ cartilage and it supports the posterior area.
A
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
between theses is a this band of connective tissue…Cricothyroid ligament
22
Q
A flap of cartilage the closes the larynx during swallowing
A
Epiglottis
23
Q
What two cartilages support the vocal cords?
A
Arytenoid. and. Corniculate cartilage
24
Superior to the glottis the Larynx is lined with stratified squamous, but inferior to the glottis it changes to ___________.
PSCC
***the glottis is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing and is superior to the Cricothyroid ligament***
25
The trachea has four structural layers. Name them and ID the tissues.
Mucosa---PSCC respiratory mucosa
Sub mucosa----many seromucus---dense irregular tissue
Support layer---hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle-- "C" shaped rings
Adventitia---tough connective tissue covering--- dense irregular tissue
26
Airways carrying air in and out of the respiratory zone from the trachea
Bronchi
***all but the very smallest (respiratory bronchioles) are STRICTLY Conducting Zone structures***
27
The smallest microscopic bronchi
Bronchioles
28
Location of the visceral pleura
The layer next to the lungs
| Simple squamous
29
Location of the parietal pleura
Next to the chest
**cover the mediastinum and the diaphragm and line the thoracic walls**
Simple squamous
30
What is inside of the pleural cavity
Pleural fluid
31
What is the function of the pleural fluid
Assist in breathing movements by acting as a lubricant
32
Describe the difference between bronchi and bronchioles in terms of smooth muscle and cartilage
Trachea and Bronchi--supporting cartilage keep airways open
Bronchioles-- lack cartilage and contain more smooth muscle in their walls than the bronchi
33
The pathway from the trachea to the respiratory zone
Main bronchi. Lobar bronchi. Segmental bronchi. Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
34
The function of smooth muscle in the bronchioles
Allows air flow regulation by altering the diameter of bronchioles
35
Where is the conducting zone and what is its function
Airways from the nasal cavity though the terminal bronchioles
The air is moistened, warmed, and filtered as it flows through the path way
36
What are alveoli
Tiny air sacs clustered at the end of the airways where gas exchange occurs
37
Three places alveoli are found
Respiratory bronchioles have scattered alveoli in their walls
Alveolar ducts are completely lined with alveoli
Alveolar sacs are clusters of alveoli
38
Pulmonary capillaries are found where in the lungs
They completely surround each alveolus
39
Three cell types found in the alveoli
Simple squamous
Alveolar macrophages
Surfactant-secreting cells
40
Function of simple squamous epithelium or type 1 cells within the alveoli
It is found in the wall of the alveolus
GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS EASILY ACROSS THE VERY THIN EPITHELIUM
41
Function of the alveolar macrophages or dust cells within the alveoli
Creep along the inner surface of the alveoli
REMOVE DEBRIS AND MICROBES
42
Function of surfactant-secreting or type II cells within the alveoli
Scattered through out the aveolus
Cuboidal cells
DECREASE TENSION OF FLUID BY INTERFERING WITH THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES
Prevents alveolar collapse
43
What would happen if there was no surfactant in the alveolar fluid
Alveoli would have to be completely re-inflated between breath
44
Most of the alveolar wall is composed of a ________epithelium, known as, ___________
Simple squamous
Type 1 alveoli cells
45
Where does the respiratory zone begin? Why?
Respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli
Because the is where gas exchange occurs
46
The cartilages the give the larynx strength and support?
What area does each one support?
Thyroid cartilage- supports the anterior and superior part of larynx
Cricoid cartilage- inferior to thyroid cartilage- supports posterior
Epiglottis- closes the larynx during swallowing
Arytenoid and cortical ate cartilage- support the vocal cords
47
Location of the larynx
Inferior to the hyoid bone
Anterior to the esophagus
Superior to the trachea
48
The most inferior part of the pharynx?
Lined with______because food and air move through this area
Laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous
49
Inferior to the Nasopharynx is the ?
It is_______to the oral cavity
Mucosal lining is?
Oropharynx
Posterior
Stratified squamous epithelium
50
Where are the________ and the_______ tonsils located?
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Oropharynx
51
Connects the middle ear and keeps air pressure equal on each side of the tympanic membrane?
Location?
Auditory tubes
Nasopharynx
52
The_______are cavities within the bones of the face.
Paranasal sinuses
53
Name the paranasal sinus cavities
Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
54
The roof of the nasal cavity is formed mostly by the?
Ethmoid bone
55
The floor of the nasal cavity is the?
Palate
56
Posteriorly the nasal cavity opens into the pharynx at the?
Internal nares
| Posterior nasal aperture
57
The nasal cavity is divided medially by the?
Nasal septum
58
Ridges the increase surface area and air turbulence
Conchae
59
The lateral boarder of the nasal cavity is formed by the?
The mucosal lining is______with a vascular _______of Areolar connective tissue ( resp mucosa) plus a submucosa with_______
Maxillae
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar (PSCC)
Lamina propria
Abundant glands
60
The anterior boarder of the nasal cavity is the?
It has epithelium tissue is mostly_______and________ support of both bone and ________.
External nose
Skin
Connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
61
Histology of LARGE airway:
- --Epithelial tissue?
- ---Cilia?
- ----Mucus output?
- -----Support tissue?
ET---PSCC
Cilia-- many (transport mucus in and out)
Mucus-- high
Support tissue-- mostly cartilage
62
Histology of SMALL airway:
- --Epithelial tissue?
- ---Cilia?
- ----Mucus output?
- -----Support tissue?
ET--simple columnar
Cilia-- few
Mucus output--low
Support tissue--more muscle
63
Histology of TINY airway:
- --Epithelial tissue?
- ---Cilia?
- ----Mucus output?
- -----Support tissue?
ET--simple cuboidal
Cilia--none
Mucus output--none
Support tissue--ALL muscle
64
Tonsils
Collections of immune system cells that encircle the pharynx and help deal with invading microorganism a quickly
65
Pathway of air flow...
```
Nose/mouth----->trachea----->
bronchi----->bronchioles---->
terminal bronchioles---->
respiratory bronchioles---->
terminal alveoli
```
66
A gas has a tendency to diffuse from an area of_______to an area of______partial pressure.
Greater to lesser
67
How long does blood stay in the capillaries?
0.75 seconds
68
Factors that can influence External respiration...
- -the greater the difference in partial pressure between air and blood the faster the diffusion
- -surface contact blood/air the greater contact faster diffusion
- -thin resp membrane if too thick slow diffusion
- -maximize gas exchange=well perfumed ( supplied with blood)
69
O2 saturation of Hgb
The percentage of O2 binding sites in a population of Hgb molecules occupied by O2 molecules
70
98.5% of O2 molecules in a given volume of blood are attached to (carried) the protein _________.
Hgb
*** each Hgb molecule can carry a max of 4 O2 molecules
71
High affinity means...
Hgb picks up O2 easily and holds on to it tightly
72
Low affinity means...
Hgb releases O2 easily and does not pick any up
73
Factors affecting affinity....
**PO2. ^ PO2=^affinity--- v PO2=v affinity
**Temperature. ^temp=v affinity---v temp=^ affinity
**pH. ^ pH (alkaline)=^affinity---v pH (acid)=v affinity
**BPG. ^ BPG=v affinity---v BPG=^ affinity
(BPG...is produced when RBC go into anaerobic metabolism)
74
BPG is produced....
When RBC go into anaerobic metabolism
BPG ( 2,3 biphosphoglycerate)
75
When is CO2 produced?
When cells use O2 in cellular respiration
76
CO2 transport?
CO2 diffuses out of cells (across interstitial fluid) and into blood......Carried to the lungs...diffuses out of blood and into air inside alveolus......air is exhaled
77
In the blood CO2 molecules are found in 3 forms.....?
What are they?
What are their %?
How are they measured?
10% dissolved in plasma---measured in PCO2
20% attached to Hgb---carboxyhemoglobin
70% of CO2 molecules react with H20 molecules and form H2CO3 (carbonic acid).
This reaction is catalyze by the enzyme...carbonic anhydrase
78
A very common enzyme found in all fluid compartments in the body
Carbonic anhydrase
79
As CO2 levels_____so do acid levels. Therefore an/a ______in CO2 causes an/a_______ in pH.
Rise
Increase
Drop
80
Rhythm of breathing is controlled by the
Pons
81
The rate of breathing is controlled by the?
Medulla oblongata
82
What are formed elements and where are they produced
They are the cells and are produced in the red bone marrow
83
What determines what type of cell a particular hemocytoblast will become
The hormone signals they receive
84
What is the matrix of plasma
The matrix of the blood is plasma which is mostly water and proteins
85
What is hematocrit
The percentage of the total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
86
Break down of blood components in a centrifuge
Plasma 55% of whole blood
Buffy coat. Leukocyctes and platelets <1% of whole blood
Erythrocytes 45% of whole blood
87
Primary function of a erythrocytes
Contain complex protein Hgb and therefore carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
They do not consume any of the oxygen they carry so they are efficient oxygen transporters
88
What is Hgb
The molecule that binds to and transports resp gases
It is the protein the makes red blood cells red
89
Hemotopoiesis
Blood cell formation
| Occurs in red bone marrow
90
Leukocyctes
WBC
Immune system
Granulocyte
Agranulocyte
91
Blood is classified as a_________ because it has 'cells' in a non-living matrix
Connective tissue
92
Live about 120 days
The most abundant of the formed elements
Nucleus is ejected
At the end of their life they are removed by macrophages in the liver spleen and bone marrow
Erythrocytes. RBC
93
WBC are involved in body defense
Two main groups granulocytes and agranulocytes
Leukocytes
94
The control of bleeding is called?
Hemostasis
95
The portion of the total pressure of a mixture of gases that is exerted by a single gas in the mixture
Partial pressure of a gas
96
Blood stays in the capillaries....
0.75 seconds
97
Factors the influence external respiration
The higher the PP gradient the faster the diffusion
Surface area...most contact faster diffusion
Resp membrane should be thin...think will cause slow diffusion
Well ventilated and perfused...maximal gas exchange
98
The amount of the O2 dissolved in the plasma is measured by....
The PO2. (Partial pressure of the blood)
99
Affinity
The affinity of Hgb for O2 is how easily Hgb picks up O2 molecules and how tightly it holds on to them
100
Factors the affect affinity
PO2..high PO2= high affinity. Low PO2=low affinity
HIGH temp DECREASE affinity..LOW temp INCREASE affinity
High pH= high affinity..low pH=low affinity
High BCG= low affinity..low BCG= high affinity
101
The rythem of breathing is controlled by the______while the rate is controlled by the ________.
Pons= rhythm
Medulla oblongata= rate
102
Increased resp rate....effects on arterial blood gasses
Increase PO2
Decrease PCO2
Increase pH
103
Decreased in resp rate...effects in arterial blood gasses
Decrease PO2
Increase PCO2
Decrease pH
104
Histologial changes.....tiny bronchioles
ET in mucosa....Simple Cuboidal
#of cilia....none
Mucus output...none
Support tissue....all muscle
105
Pathway for air
```
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Terminal alveoli
```
106
What does pulmonary surfactant do?
Reduces the tendency of water molecules to pull together and form a droplet
and prevents the thin layer of water inside each aveolus from forming a droplet and collapsing the tiny air sac
107
Events of inspiration....
Inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends..rib cage rises)
Thoracic cavity volume increases
Lungs are stretched (intrapulmonary volume increases)
Intrapulmonary pressure drops
Air(gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
108
Is an active process...
Inhalation
109
Is mostly passive, especially at rest
Expiration
110
Respiratory systems functions?
Exchange O2 and CO2 between the air and the cells.
Helps to maintain a normal pH in the blood
111
Conducting zones transport....
Air in and out
No gas exchange occurs here
112
Anterior support tissue of the palate....
Posterior support tissue of the palate....
Bone
Muscle
113
Function of the paranasal sinus
Decrease the weight of the bones and provide voice resonance for the voice
Opens into the nasal cavity via a meatus
Lined with resp mucosa (PSCC+lamina propria)
114
The lingual and palatine tonsil are located in the
Oropharynx
115
Here the mucosal lining is stratified squamous epithelium. It helps provide better protection from the friction of food.
Food and air pass through
Oropharynx
116
Erythrocytes function
Gas transport
O2 delivery to tissue and CO2 transport to the lungs
Important role in gas transport and pH balance
117
Neutrophils function...
| Granulocytes
Most abundant WBC. Shortest lifespan 1-2D
The first responders....they consume invading cells and then die almost immediately afterwards
118
Eosinophils functions...
| Granulocyte
2nd rarest WBC. Live about 1 wk
Fight parasitic infections and also assist in neutralizing allergens
119
Basophils functions...
| Granulocytes
The rarest WBC. Live 1-3 days
Secrete histamine in the blood and have granules that absorb a dark purple stain
(Allergic reactions)
120
Lymphocytes functions...
| Agranulocyte
2nd most numerous Variable lifespan
WBC that design and produce antibodies
(Cancer cells or viruses)
Near the same size as a RBC
121
Monocytes function...
| Agranulocyte
The LARGEST WBC Live 1-2 months
Consume invaders but they do not die, they digest and move on.
4x's bigger than a RBC
122
Platelets function....
Main function is the controlling of bleeding
They are very sticky and usually clump together
123
O2 saturation of Hgb
The % of O2 binding sites in a population of Hgb molecules occupied by O2 molecules
124
Increased resp rate will_____ PCO2
Decrease
| As CO2 levels rise so do acid levels. Therefore an increase in CO2 causes a drop in pH
125
Blood function...
Transport median for waste, gases, and nutrients
Protection..WBC palates
Regulation...temp pH
126
3 categories of plasma...
Functions of each...
Albumin...most abundant...contributes to the volume and thickness
Globulins...antibodies...provide immune system functions...recognize specific antigens
Fibrinogen...precursor to fibrin...threads that help to form blood clots
