Lymphatic And Immune System

Question 0

The central system for the body defense system ( immune response)

Answer 0

Lymphatic system

Question 1

Lymphatic system

Answer 1

A separate set of thin vessels that return lost fluid from the blood capillaries back to the circulatory system.

Question 2

The components of the lymphatic system

Answer 2

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphoid organs

Lymphoid fluid

Question 3

The smallest lymphatic vessels

Answer 3

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 4

This lymphatic vessel collects fluid from the tissues and have similar endothelial cells to their blood carrying cousins. They seems to be more porous when inflamed.

Answer 4

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 5

What lymphatic vessel Receives lymph from capillaries. They are similar to veins. (Have valves but not as rugged)

Answer 5

Collecting vessels

Question 6

What is Lymphatic vessel is the Large vessels that drain a broad area
(Leg, arm, abdomen, etc)

Answer 6

Trunks

Question 7

Largest of all lymphatic vessels

Answer 7

Ducts

Question 8

Cisterna chili

Answer 8

A bulbous collecting structure in the abdomen that the very large thoracic duct arises from.

It empties into the LEFT subclavian vein

Question 9

Like the Vena cava, lymph is moved along the _____ by the ________ ________.

Answer 9

Ducts

Respiratory pump

Question 10

Lymph nodes are…

Answer 10

Small discrete organs that lie along the path of lymphatic vessels

Question 11

What Acts as filters to remove debris, dead cells, and microorganisms from the lymph

Answer 11

Lymph nodes

Question 12

What is each node full of that helps to process antigens and reduce antibodies critical for body defenses?

Answer 12

Macrophages
and
Lymphocytes

Question 13

The largest lymph node is the….

Answer 13

Spleen

Question 14

Where is the spleen located and what is its function?

Answer 14

It is located in the LUQ of the abdomen and it cleaners the blood of debris and old erthrocytes. The spleen filters the blood.

Question 15

What provides a site for large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages involved with immunity?

Answer 15

The spleen

Question 16

What organ is found only in children and adolescents? ( disappears in adulthood)

Answer 16

The thymus

Question 17

Where is the thymus located and what is it’s function?

Answer 17

Located in the mediastinum
and
Assisted in development of early immunity

Question 18

What organs are collections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosa of areas highly prone to bacterial invasion?

Answer 18

Tonsils
and
Peyer’s patches (located in the intestines)

Question 19

What is the function of the Tonsils and Peyer’s patches?

Answer 19

The macrophages and lymphocytes the ring the pharynx (tonsils) and the intestines (Peyer’s patches) can quickly mount an immune response to invading microorganisms.

Question 20

When blood enters the tissues from the blood capillary it is called…

Answer 20

Interstitial fluid

Question 21

interstitial fluid similar to plasma but has?

Answer 21

Less albumin

Question 22

What trickles by the cells picking up debris, old cells, tissue macrophages, cancer cells and macrophages, etc?

Answer 22

Interstitial fluid

Question 23

After tickling by the cells where does the fluid go?

Answer 23

It moves into low pressure lymphatic vessels and is now called LYMPH

Question 24

Lymph is SLOWLY moved along...

Answer 24

By muscular pumps and passes through the lymph nodes and is filtered.

Question 25

What is produced in the lymph nodes?

Answer 25

Antibodies are produced that are SPECIFIC to the foreign proteins (antigens) found on microorganisms swept up by the fluid.

Question 26

Lymph GRADUALLY flows from the nodes to where?

Answer 26

Into larger lymphatic vessels and finally is returned to the blood where it becomes plasma again.

Question 27

When lymph is returned to the larger lymphatic vessels and is returned to the blood what does it become?

Answer 27

Plasma

Question 28

Summarize the flow of lymphatic fluid

Answer 28

``` Fluid Inside Capillaries (plasma) Cells-Tissues (interstitial fluid) Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels (lymph) Lymph Nodes (lymph) Lymph Trunk (lymph) Lymph Duct (lymph) Subclavian Veins (becomes plasma again) ```

Question 29

What picks up fluid from the tissue fluid?

Answer 29

The AFFERENT Lymphatic Vessels

Question 30

Lymph nodes create what?

Answer 30

Antibodies

Question 31

What organs are lymphoid organs?

Answer 31

- Spleen - Lymph nodes - Thymus (in children and adolescents) - Tonsils - Peyer's patches - Lymph (fluid)

Question 32

What are the two main types of body defense mechanisms?

Answer 32

``` Innate (nonspecific) defenses and Adaptive (specific) defense ```

Question 33

What types of body defense mechanisms are not necessarily directed against a particular type of invader as specified by the invader's antigens (or proteins)?

Answer 33

Innate (no specific) defenses

Question 34

This body defense is directed against a specific invader and identified by its surface proteins (antigens)....

Answer 34

Adaptive (specific) defense

Question 35

Innate defense's 1st line of defense is...

Answer 35

Surface (external) barriers - skin - mucous membranes and their secretions **barriers MUST be intact in order to be effective**

Question 36

Innate defense's 2nd line of defense is....

Answer 36

Internal defenses - Phagocytes - Fever - NK cells - Antimicrobial Proteins - Inflammation

Question 37

Innate defenses involve or include what lines of defense?

Answer 37

Surface barriers and Internal defenses

Question 38

Adaptive defenses includes or involve what lines of defense?

Answer 38

``` Humoral immunity (B cells) and Cellular immunity (T cells) ```

Question 39

What is considered the body's 3rd line of defense?

Answer 39

Adaptive defense (specific) | Immune system

Question 40

What INNATE mechanisms are cells that consume any invaders? What is an example?

Answer 40

PHAGOCYTES EXAMPLES: --Macrophages --Neutrophils **more efficient when directed by an adaptive mechanism**

Question 41

What do the (INNATE mechanism) Natural Killer Cells do?

Answer 41

They recognize and destroy cancer cells and viral infected cells

Question 42

Describe what the (INNATE mechanism) Antimicrobial Protein Systems are and what the do?

Answer 42

Antimicrobial Protein Systems, like Compliment Proteins and Interferon and NON-SPECIFIC. When activated by adaptive mechanisms, the destroy microorganisms.

Question 43

What are mucus membranes? Name the areas involved.

Answer 43

Openings to the outside of the body... - Nose - Mouth - Ears - Reproductive Openings - Eyes - Anus

Question 44

What INNATE mechanism is a general response triggered by tissue damage.

Answer 44

Inflammation (a local response)

Question 45

What are three responses (dependent on the nature of the damage) that can occur as a result of the release of chemical mediators?

Answer 45

- A Vascular Response - A Neural Response - A Cellular Response

Question 46

What INNATE mechanism is characterized by vasodilation (redness, heat) and increased capillary permeability?

Answer 46

Inflammation's Vascular Response

Question 47

What is an INNATE mechanism that may occur causing pain and/or itching?

Answer 47

Inflammation's Neural Responses

Question 48

During what INNATE mechanism are Macrophages and Neutrophils attracted to a damaged area?

Answer 48

Inflammation's Cellular Response

Question 49

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 49

- Pain - Swelling - Redness - Heat

Question 50

What do NSAID's do?

Answer 50

NSAID's and Corticosteroid's break the cycle of chronic inflammation and allow healing to take place.

Question 51

What are Pyrogens?

Answer 51

They are compounds that are released when MACROphages consume an invader. Pyrogens increase body temp. **Fever is a GLOBAL increase in body temp.**

Question 52

What are the three stages of a fever?

Answer 52

- Onset - Plateau - Defervescence

Question 53

What is the function of a fever?

Answer 53

- increase neutrophils - create hazardous environment for pathogens - decrease availability of minerals bacteria need - increases overall metabolism - Forces Rest * *HIGH fevers can cause complications**

Question 54

What are antibodies?

Answer 54

They are PROTEINS that are produced by the immune system cells that are SPECIFIC to certain types of ANTIGENS.

Question 55

What do antibodies do?

Answer 55

They attach to the ANTIGEN on the invading microorganism and TAG that cell for DESTRUCTION.

Question 56

What is an Adaptive Mechanism that involves the design and production of antibodies?

Answer 56

Humoral immunity

Question 57

``` Humoral Immunity (adaptive mechanism): in the tissues or in a lymphoid organ a macrophage does what? ```

Answer 57

Consumes an invader AND processes the ANTIGEN specific to that type of invader.

Question 58

What does a macrophage do after it processes the antigen of a specific invader? (During an Adaptive Mechanism)

Answer 58

It presents it to a Helper T-Lymphocyte in a lymph organ. The Helper T-cell processes if further and presents it to a B-Lymphocyte.

Question 59

What does the B-cell do?

Answer 59

The B-cell DESIGNS an ANTIBODY and the differentiates into lots of PLASMA CELLS (cloning) which mass produce the antibody and a MEMORY B- cell which can quickly divide into many plasma cells if the antigen is encountered again.

Question 60

What is it called if a person makes antibodies against its own antigens or attacks its own body?

Answer 60

A healthy person does not make antibodies against its own antigens, however when this happens it is known as: AutoImmune System Disorder.

Question 61

What is the ADAPTIVE mechanism that involves mainly T-cells?

Answer 61

Cell mediated immunity

Question 62

Cell Mediated Immunity (adaptive mechanism) | What does the macrophage do?

Answer 62

``` The macrophage: consumes an invader, processes the antigen and presents it to a Helper T-cell ```

Question 63

After the antigen is presented to the Helper T-cell, What does the Helper T-cell do?

Answer 63

The Helper T-cell differentiates to: - Killer T-cells - A Memory T-cell - Suppressor (regulator) cells

Question 64

What do Killer T-cells do?

Answer 64

Destroy the invaders and release attractors for phagocytes

Question 65

What does a Memory T-cell do?

Answer 65

Remembers a specific antigen

Question 66

What does Suppressor (regulator) T-cells do?

Answer 66

Turn off Killer cells after the threat has been resolved