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Heart And Blood Pressure Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function on the heart?

A

To pump blood through the two circuits

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1
Q

Where is the heart located

A

In the area between the lungs…mediastinum

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2
Q

What are the two blood circuits?

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

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3
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs to exchange gases

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4
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The pumping of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for the exchange of gases

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5
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

The pumping of blood from the left side of the heart to the tissues

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6
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the tissues through systemic circulation

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7
Q

Describe the size and weight of the heart.

A

A little larger than a fist and weighs about 300 grams

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8
Q

What are the walls and covering around the heart

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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9
Q

What is the pericardium

A

A sac like covering around the heart

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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11
Q

What is fibrous pericardium

A

Tough outer sac of dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

What is serous pericardium

A

A serosa around the heart

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

Partial pericardium

Visceral pericardium

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14
Q

What is the parietal pericardium

A

The serous layer next to the fibrous pericardium, which lines the cavity

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15
Q

What is the visceral pericardium (epicardium)

A

The layer next to the heart muscle

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16
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral pericardium

A

Pericardial fluid

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17
Q

What is the myocardium

A

The thick muscular layer of cardiac muscle tissue

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18
Q

What is the epicardium

A

The inner lining of the heart

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19
Q

What is the endocardium composed of

A

Endothelial tissue, a special type of simple squamous with a slick smooth surface

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20
Q

What does the atria do

A

Receives blood into the hear

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21
Q

What to do ventricles do

A

Pump blood out of the heart

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22
Q

What type of walls do the right atrium have

A

Thin walls

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23
Q

From what three structures does the right atrium receive blood

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

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24
What does the right atrium do at he end of ventricular filling and why
It contracts WEAKLY to "load" the right ventricle with blood
25
From the right ventricle where does the blood flow continue and via which valve
The right ventricle pumps the blood into the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary arteries) via the pulmonary semi lunar valve
26
What dose stretching the ventricle during "loading" do
Stretching the ventricle during loading allows it to contract harder
27
Does the left atrium have thin walls
Yes, the left atrium has very thin walls
28
From where does the left atrium receive blood
The left atrium receives blood returning from the lungs, which is oxygenated
29
From the left atrium, where does blood then flow and via which valve
The left atrium empties into the left ventricle via the mitral valve
30
How does the left atrium load the left ventricle
It contracts at the end of ventricular filling to load the ventricle
31
Where does the blood get pumped next by the left ventricle and via which valve
Into the aorta and the aortic semilunar valve
32
What do the heart valves do
Ensure unidirectional blood flow as pressure changes within the ventricle
33
Are the valves passive od active structures
STRICTLY passive structures
34
Which heart valves are the strongest
The AV valves. (Atrioventricular valves - mitral/bicuspid - tricuspid
35
What are the AV valves reinforced with and what give them their strength
The cordage tendineae and papillary muscles
36
What is it important for the AV valves to be reinforced
So they an with stand the enormous amount of pressure generated as the ventricles contract
37
What are normal heart sounds
The opening and closing of valves
38
Explain the steps as blood returns to the heart and fills the atria (atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
Blood returning to the heart fills the atria, pressing against AV valves - The increased pressure forces AV valves open - -as ventricles fill, AV valve flap hangs limply into ventricles - --Atria contracts, forcing additional blood into the ventricles
39
Explain steps which lead to AV valve closure (atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure)
Ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps - AV valve close - - papillary muscles contract and chordate tendineae, preventing valve flaps from inverting into atria
40
Explain what causes the semilunar valves to open and close
As ventricles CONTRACT and intraventricular pressure RISES, blood is punched up against semilunar valves forcing them open. As ventricles RELAX and intraventricular pressure FALLS, blood flows back from the arteries, filling the cusps of the semilunar valves and forcing them to close
41
What is the cardiac cycle
The coordinated filling and emptying of the chambers
42
During the cardiac cycle, how do the atria and ventricles fill and empty
The atria fill and empty together The ventricles fill and empty together
43
Why is it so critical for the ventricles to fill and empty together
Because they can contract much harder and more efficiently if they do so together
44
Wat are the two heart cycles for the atria and ventricles
Diastole | Systole
45
What is diastole
What he chamber is relaxed and filling
46
What is systole
Contraction; emptying of the chambers
47
Describe the events in ventricular diastole
``` Atria empty into ventricles Ventricles fill Tricuspid and mitral valves are open Aortic and pulmonary valves and closed At the end od diastole, the atria contract together to load the ventricles ```
48
Describe the events in ventricular systole
Atria fill Ventricles contract together to pump blood out Aortic and pulmonary valves are open Mitral and tricuspid valves are closed
49
What are the first branches off the aorta
The right and left main coronary arteries
50
Do the right and left main coronary arteries deliver oxygenated or deoxygenated blood to the myocardium
They deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium
51
What is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle in regards to anaerobic metabolism
Unlike skeletal muscle cardiac muscle DOES NOT tolerate anaerobic metabolism Cardiac muscle will NOT shut down with fatigue but continue until the cell dies
52
How are cardiac and skeletal muscle similar
In regards to the organization of the sarcomeres and scaroplasmic reticulum
53
What are intercalated disc
Desmosomes and gap junctions
54
What do gap junctions do
Allow depolarization to pass from cell to cell
55
What is depolarization
The electrical event the triggers contraction
56
From a structural stand point there are two toys of cardiac cells. What are they?
Contractile cells | Autorhythmic cells
57
What are contractile cells
Cells that actually contract and do the work
58
Do contractile cells physically contract when they depolarize
Yes, these cells physically contract when they depolarize
59
What percentage of the functional cardiac cells are contractual cells
Contractile cells make up 99% of the functional cardiac cells
60
What are autorhythmic cells
Cells the do no contract
61
What cardiac cells form the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
The autorhythmic cells
62
What do autorhythmic cells do
Control the rate of depolarization in the heart The initiate and efficiently conduct a wave of depolarization and repolarization throughout the heart
63
What is an action potential
A rapid wave of depolarization followed by repolarization of the cell membrane
64
What makes autorhythmic cells unique
They can spontaneously depolarize
65
What has the fastest rate in a healthy heart
SA node
66
What is considered the pace make of the heart and why
The SA node, because it has the fastest rate of depolarization
67
Describe the depolarization wave
Wave begins in the SA node It travels through the intramodal pathway,depolarizing the atria It pauses at the AV node to allow the ventricles to fill up Then it proceeds down the bundle of His It splits in to right and left bundle branches The picked up be purkinje fibers Finally it depolarizes the ventricles
68
What follows a wave of depolarization
A wave of repolarization
69
Autorhythmic cells have three types of gated ion channels. What are they?
Leaky Na+ channels Fast Ca++ channels Slow K+ channels
70
What do leaky Na+ channels do?
Allow Na+ to slowly leak into the cell
71
What do fast Ca++ channels do?
Open when there is a slight chance in membrane potential
72
What is the membrane potential which triggers the fast Ca++ channels to open called?
The threshold potential
73
What do slow K+ channels do?
Open only if the membrane FULLY depolarizes
74
At rest, what is the membrane potential ?
-60mV
75
What is "threshold potential" for the fast Ca++ gates?
Only about 40 mV
76
What are the resting ion concentration gradients?
Na+. Higher outside Ca ++ Higher outside K+. Higher inside
77
How are cardiac cells connected to each other?
Via gap junctions
78
What is the resting membrane potential in contractile cell depolarization?
-90 mV
79
What are examples of elastic arteries
Aorta Iliac arteries Subclavian arteries
80
Venules do what
Collect blood from the capillary bed and carry it to smaller veins

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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