Respiratory system anatomy

Question 1

Three openings of the diaphragm and their contents

Answer 1

caVal opening: terminal phrenic nerve, in(V)reior vena cava

oesophageal hiatus: oesophagus, gastric vessels, vagal nerve, lymph nodes

aortic opening: aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein

Question 2

Diaphragm’s
Blood supply x2
Nerve supply

Answer 2

1. musculophrenic artery and vein, inferior phrenic artery and vein
2. phrenic nerve: motor supply

Question 3

Lung gross structure

Answer 3

1. left and right (supplied by primary/ pulmonary/ main bronchi)
2. lobes (L: 2, R:3) (supplied by secondary/ lobar bronchi)
3. bronchopulmonary segments: L:9, R:10 (supplied by tertiary bronchi/ segmental bronchi)

Question 4

Pleural organisation

Answer 4

Parietal: lines the internal chest wall and superior surface of diaphragm

                       * pleural cavity/space* visceral: lines the lungs. Double fold of visceral pleura forms fissure (horizontal +/ oblique)

Question 5

innervation of pleura

Answer 5

Visceral pleura aka basically lungs: PULMONARY PLEXUS (vagal nerve, T2-T5 sympathetic outflow)

Parietal pleura: 2 innervations:

1. PHRENIC nerve (sensory): central diaphragmatic and mediastinal parietal pleura
2. INTERCOSTAL NERVE: the rest of the parietal pleura

Question 6

blood supply of the lungs

nerve supply

Answer 6

1. BRACHIAL arteries and veins: airways (bronchi, terminates at terminal bronchiole, visceral pleura, connective tissues and lymph nodes
2. PULMONARY ARTERY AND VEINS: supplies the alveoli (respiratory portion)
3. PULMONARY PLEXUS

Question 7

what is the lung hilum and their content (6)

what is under the hilum

what is superior to the hilum

Answer 7

the ROOT of lungs (all the vessels)
1, 2 pulmonary vein and artery
3 airway (bronchi)
4.Pulmonary plexus (vagal and sympathetic)
5. lymph nodes
6. brachial arteries and veins 

UNDER: pulmonary ligament: where the parietal and visceral pleural becomes continuous

SUPERIOR:

1. phrenic nerve
2. internal thoracic artery and veins: pericardiocophrenic artery and vein

Question 8

Trachea: level of bifurcation and name

Answer 8

Bifurcation at T4 (C6-T4), Carina

Question 9

lymphatic system of the lungs

Answer 9

1. superficial lymph nodes: beneath visceral pleura
2. deep lymph nodes x4
   intrapulmonary nodes
   bronchopulmonary nodes
   tracheobronchial nodes (carinal nodes)
   paratracheal nodes
   => BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL trunk -> left: thoracic duct; right: lymphatic duct

Question 10

what is the respiratory membrane

Answer 10

Epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
basal lamina is the connective tissue under epithelium
= mucosa (aka membrane)

submucosa

Question 11

name the different structures in the nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses name

find diagrame and point

Answer 11

superior, middle and inferior conchea and meatus = turbulent flow

external and internal nares, vibrissae

1. ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoid sinus

Question 12

muscles of forced expiration and forced inspiration

Answer 12

FORCED EXPIRATION:
Rectus abdominus
latissimus dorsi: pulls down the lower ribs
quadratus lumborum: fixed to the 12th rib

FORCED INSPIRATION:
Scalene muscle (fixed to the tubercle of 1st rib)
Pectoralis major and minor (over the pecs)
Sternicleidomastoid (elevates sternum)

Question 13

landmarks of lungs for location

Answer 13

1. Midclavicular line: 6th rib (lung), 8th rib (parietal)
2. Midaxillary line: 8th, 10th rib
3. Posterior paravertebral line: 10th, 12th rib

Question 14

upper respiratory airways

Answer 14

nasal cavity, pharynx (throat, both respiratory and digestive system), larynx (voice box), paranasal sinus