Respiratory System

Question 1

Name layers of trachea from superficial to deep (4)

Answer 1

epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria and submucosa

Question 2

What is contained in lamina propria?

Answer 2

Contains blood vessels, nerves, mucus secreting glands, and immune system cells

Question 3

5 things in the epithelium

Why do goblet cells secrete mucus

What do small granule cells contain

Answer 3

goblet cells, ciliated cells (only push upwards), small granule cells, club(clara) cells, brush cells (microvilli)

To entrap particles/ microbes

Catecholamines and peptide chemical messengers

Question 4

Function of club (clara) cells

It would be deficient in what kind of patients?

Answer 4

Release surface active agent (CC16) similar to surfactant to keep the trachea from sticking to itself

Patients with asthma or COPD

Question 5

Bronchopulmonary tree

Answer 5

Trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Question 6

Where in the bronchopulmonary tree are ciliated and goblet cells located

Answer 6

Up until you get to the bronchioles

Question 7

Cartilage and glands stop once you get to the

Answer 7

Bronchi

Question 8

What is present throughout entire tree

Answer 8

Epithelium, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle

Question 9

Structure of alveoli

Answer 9

Simple EPIthelial cells with thin septum containing macrophages and capillaries

Question 10

Differentiate between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 10

Type 1: mediate gas exchange and form the air blood barrier

Type 2: secretes surfactant to keep alveoli patent

Question 11

What prevents entry to debris into the blood or into alveolar cells?

Answer 11

Macrophages

Question 12

Difference in structure of type 2 alveoli

Answer 12

Dome shaped, have lamellae (large secretory granules) to release surfactant

Question 13

1. Normal mucus:

2. Dehydrated mucus from cystic fibrosis

Answer 13

1. Cl- leaves cell while Na+ and water enter the cell.
2. Cl- cannot leave cell leading to Na+ and water retention inside the cell, making the mucus viscous and harder to clear by cilia. This mucus “plug” can foster respiratory tract infections/impair breathing

Question 14

Asthma is caused by ?

3 things caused by asthma

How can asthma change the respiratory tissue?

Answer 14

Inflammation due to infiltration of WBCs

Bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased mucus

Thicken epithelium, basement membrane and smooth muscle

Question 15

1. Emphysema

2. Pneumonia

Answer 15

1. Loss of type 1 alveolar cells - impairs gas exchange, increases size of alveolar sac
2. Infection/inflammatory response leads to accumulation of exudate in alveolar lumen

Question 16

Respiratory system development:

Respiratory system begins as a branch of ?

Answer 16

The foregut - endoderm (also forms GI tract)

Question 17

Alveoli formation occurs in parallel with ___

As alveoli is formed its surrounded by ___; this gives rise to what two things

Answer 17

Capillaries

Splanchnopleuric mesoderm; alveolar capillaries and pleura

Question 18

What helps separate thorax from abdomen (convergence of 3 structures)

Answer 18

1. Septum transversum (mesoderm)
2. 2 pericardioperitoneal membranes converge with septum transversum
3. Diaphragm forms from 2 pericardioperitoneal membranes (and mesoderm)

Question 19

So in order how is thoracic cavity partitioned? (4 structures)

Answer 19

1. Pleurocardial folds
2. Septum transversum
3. 2 pericardioperitoneal membranes
4. Diaphragm formation from #3

Question 20

Aorta, esophagus, and IVC then change position leading to?

Answer 20

The 3 openings for these 3 structures in the diaphragm
Caval-T8
Esophageal-T10
Aortic-T12

Question 21

What happens if there is a partially complete diaphragm?

Answer 21

Herniation of GI tract into thorax; causes incomplete development of bronchopulmonary tree

Question 22

Besides incomplete diaphragm, what else can cause this type of herniation?

Answer 22

Abnormal formation of pleuroperitoneal membranes (when this happens, diaphragm does not develop at all because these are needed to make the diaphragm)