Respiratory System Flashcards
Name layers of trachea from superficial to deep (4)
epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria and submucosa
What is contained in lamina propria?
Contains blood vessels, nerves, mucus secreting glands, and immune system cells
5 things in the epithelium
Why do goblet cells secrete mucus
What do small granule cells contain
goblet cells, ciliated cells (only push upwards), small granule cells, club(clara) cells, brush cells (microvilli)
To entrap particles/ microbes
Catecholamines and peptide chemical messengers
Function of club (clara) cells
It would be deficient in what kind of patients?
Release surface active agent (CC16) similar to surfactant to keep the trachea from sticking to itself
Patients with asthma or COPD
Bronchopulmonary tree
Trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Where in the bronchopulmonary tree are ciliated and goblet cells located
Up until you get to the bronchioles
Cartilage and glands stop once you get to the
Bronchi
What is present throughout entire tree
Epithelium, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle
Structure of alveoli
Simple EPIthelial cells with thin septum containing macrophages and capillaries
Differentiate between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells
Type 1: mediate gas exchange and form the air blood barrier
Type 2: secretes surfactant to keep alveoli patent
What prevents entry to debris into the blood or into alveolar cells?
Macrophages
Difference in structure of type 2 alveoli
Dome shaped, have lamellae (large secretory granules) to release surfactant
- Normal mucus:
2. Dehydrated mucus from cystic fibrosis
- Cl- leaves cell while Na+ and water enter the cell.
- Cl- cannot leave cell leading to Na+ and water retention inside the cell, making the mucus viscous and harder to clear by cilia. This mucus “plug” can foster respiratory tract infections/impair breathing
Asthma is caused by ?
3 things caused by asthma
How can asthma change the respiratory tissue?
Inflammation due to infiltration of WBCs
Bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased mucus
Thicken epithelium, basement membrane and smooth muscle
- Emphysema
2. Pneumonia
- Loss of type 1 alveolar cells - impairs gas exchange, increases size of alveolar sac
- Infection/inflammatory response leads to accumulation of exudate in alveolar lumen
Respiratory system development:
Respiratory system begins as a branch of ?
The foregut - endoderm (also forms GI tract)
Alveoli formation occurs in parallel with ___
As alveoli is formed its surrounded by ___; this gives rise to what two things
Capillaries
Splanchnopleuric mesoderm; alveolar capillaries and pleura
What helps separate thorax from abdomen (convergence of 3 structures)
- Septum transversum (mesoderm)
- 2 pericardioperitoneal membranes converge with septum transversum
- Diaphragm forms from 2 pericardioperitoneal membranes (and mesoderm)
So in order how is thoracic cavity partitioned? (4 structures)
- Pleurocardial folds
- Septum transversum
- 2 pericardioperitoneal membranes
- Diaphragm formation from #3
Aorta, esophagus, and IVC then change position leading to?
The 3 openings for these 3 structures in the diaphragm
Caval-T8
Esophageal-T10
Aortic-T12
What happens if there is a partially complete diaphragm?
Herniation of GI tract into thorax; causes incomplete development of bronchopulmonary tree
Besides incomplete diaphragm, what else can cause this type of herniation?
Abnormal formation of pleuroperitoneal membranes (when this happens, diaphragm does not develop at all because these are needed to make the diaphragm)
