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Cell Biology Block 2 > Cardiovascular System Development > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Development Flashcards

1
Q

Location of myoblasts and blood island cells in the trilaminar disc?

A

They are clustered around the cranial end of the neural plate

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2
Q
  1. What do blood island cells form?

2. What do myoblasts form?

A
  1. Endocardial tubes

2. Myocardial cells of the endocardial tubes

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3
Q
  1. Heart and heart linings arise from?

2. Heart structures arise from? Is this caudal or cranial?

A
  1. Splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

2. Cardiogenic field; cranial

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4
Q

What is the cardiogenic field?

What are endocardial tubes?

What lies in between the cardiogenic field?

A

Site of endocardial tube formation

Paired regions in the embryo that consist of the precursor cells for development of the embryonic heart

Intraembryonic (pericardial) cavity

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5
Q

Where do blood island cells form?

Amniotic cavity expands and neurulation begins: endoderm becomes pinched inward and then blood island cells form what?

When endoderm is pinched off entirely (becomes circular), it becomes?

A

Between endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

Blood island cells form left/right endocardial tubes and left/right dorsal aorta

Foregut tube

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6
Q

Blood island cells become?

Foregut gives rise to?

A

Endothelium

GI tract and part of respiratory tract

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7
Q

Endocardial tubes have fused to become?

Location?

What process allows the heart tube form?

A

Heart tube

Inside the pericardial cavity, suspended by the dorsal mesocardium (from splanchnic mesoderm) (ventral to neural tube and foregut)

Foregut closes, making the endocardial tubes closer to each other so they can fuse to form the heart tube

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8
Q

Name layers so far from ventral to dorsal

A

Heart tube, dorsal mesocardium, foregut, neural tube, neural crest

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9
Q
  1. Heart tube gives rise to ?
  2. This connects to __, which branches into?
  3. Where if the heart tube in relation to the neural tube?
A
  1. 1st aortic arch
  2. Aortic arch connects to dorsal aorta bilaterally, dorsal aorta branches into umbilical arteries
  3. Heart tube is ventral to neural tube
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10
Q

Heart tube detaches from mesoderm that suspends it to form?

~think: in adults, why is trachea and esophagus posterior to the heart?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

Because the heart tube is ventral to the foregut tube, and foregut tube is what develops the GI and respiratory tracts

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11
Q

The mesoderm that composes the heart tube is differentiated into what 3 layers

What is the function of cardiac jelly and what layer is it secreted from?

A

Endocardium (endothelium), myocardium, and epicardium

Involved in septation of the heart and is secreted by myocardium

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12
Q

Heart pumps blood through outflow tract (aortic sac) to what 3 places?

A

Systemic circulation, via umbilical vessels to/from placenta, and via vitelline vessels to future gut

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13
Q

Neck region (aka ____) is supplied by?

A

Pharyngeal arches; aortic arches

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14
Q

Oxygenated blood flows from umbilical vein into right atrium via the

A

Ductus venosus (IVC) (blood from right atrium is then shunted to left atrium)

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15
Q

Some blood goes to the right ventricle still and then pulmonary circulation but without __

A

Oxygenation

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16
Q

What causes the atrial shunt to close at birth?

A

Lungs inflate once breathing begins, which increases pressure in left atrium leading to shunt closure

17
Q

Brief 4 steps of heart tube compartmentalization

A
  1. Kink forms in heart tube (future ventricles and outflow tract)
  2. Primitive ventricles segment to form primitive atria (now 4 chambers)
  3. More segmentation into left and right ventricles
  4. Further ventricle differentiation by primary muscular fold; left and right atria begin segmenting (straddle the outflow tract)
18
Q

What coincides with left/right atrial differentiation?

A

Right sided venous drainage (veins start disappearing)

19
Q

Septation of atria and ventricles begins with

This leaves some space called?

What else starts growing at this time

A

Septum primum

Ostium primum - between the atria

Endocardial protrusions (cushions) into AV canal

20
Q

What is ostium secondum?

What begins to grow from the dorsal wall of the atria

What do the endocardial cushions do

A

Perforations that form in septum primum when ostium primum closes

Septum secundum (sickle shaped)

Partition AV canal into 2 canals

21
Q

Foramen ovale is located where?

Foramen secundum is located where?

A

Septum secundum

Septum primum

22
Q

Cushion cells also form

A

Chordae tendinae

23
Q

Valves are formed from?

A

Outflow tracts

24
Q
  1. What happens in atrial septal defect
  2. When is it benign
  3. When is it problematic
A
  1. Malformation that allows significant left to right shunting after birth
  2. Patent ostium primum; benign since the holes do not line up so it won’t go all the way through
  3. If the holes don’t completely cover each other and blood can get through; eventual cardiac failure with enlarged right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
25
Q

What is atrioventricular septal defect and what can it cause

A

Incomplete partitioning by endocardial cushions; allows R->L shunting and can lead to heart failure

26
Q

What is ventricular septal defect

A

Failure to fully partition L and R ventricles allowing for L to R shunting

27
Q

Tricuspid or mitral valve atresia?

A

Allows regurgitation into atria

Regurge in R atria can lead to R to L shunting

Can also impair flow through ventricular valves (impairing pulmonary/systemic circulation)

28
Q

Double outlet left ventricle malformation

A

Failure to partition outflow tract with both the aortic and pulmonary outflows connected only to L ventricle and no outflow from the right ventricle

29
Q

Combo of double outlet and ventricular septal defect leads to

A

Persistent truncus arteriosis

Life threatening in infancy

30
Q

What is transposition of vessels?

A

When aorta comes from R ventricle and pulmonary trunk comes from L ventricle

Life threatening in infancy

31
Q

Cardiomyopathy can occur when

A

Cardiac muscle proteins are defective/insufficient (myosin, troponin, etc.)
Gap junction connexin mutations (disrupting electrical conductance)

32
Q

What is coarctation

Can lead to? Which is?

A

Abnormal atrophy and narrowing of the aorta

Patent ductus arteriosis: related to elevated pressure in pulmonary trunk/circulation and reduced pressure in systemic circulation

33
Q

Main problem with double aortic arch?

A

Can potentially constrict esophagus and trachea

Cell Biology Block 2 (10 decks)

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