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Cell Biology Block 2 > Development Of Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Development Of Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Trilaminar disc mesoderm:
1. Paraxial mesoderm produces?

  1. Lateral plate mesoderm produces?
A
  1. Striated muscle cells and paraxial bone and connective tissue
  2. Abaxial (away from axis) bone and connective tissue
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2
Q

What does lateral plate mesoderm form? (The outer, somatic layer of it)

A

Connective tissue framework for abdominal body wall muscles, pelvic diaphragm, limb muscles and infrahyoid

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3
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

The sclerotome (future bone) that eventually forms the bony components of the trunk

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4
Q

Somite formation week 4: sclerotome forms?

Dermomyotome forms?

A

Axial skeletal tissues (vertebrae and ribs) — becomes mesenchymal and travels around notochord and neural tube

Dermis and muscle tissues — elongates

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5
Q

Function of SHH and noggin

Where are they secreted from?

A

Initiates transition from epithelium to mesenchyme

Ventral neural tube and notochord

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6
Q

Function of PAX1

A

Initiates chondrogenesis and the formation of vertebrae

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7
Q

Each somite corresponds to what?

How do the nerves and muscle blocks cross the bone?

A

A block of bone (sclerotome), a block of muscle (myotome) and spinal nerve

Bony elements resegment (each vertebra consists of cranial and caudal halves of two sclerotomes- why we have 8 cervical spinal nerves)

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8
Q

How many days until the limb bud develops?

When do digits form?

What develops first: arms or legs?

A

24

Day 37

Arms

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9
Q

What keeps the limbs growing

What ensures that the limbs are fully developed?

A

FGFs

Length of exposure to signaling molecules emitted by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

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10
Q

Anterior posterior axis is also called?

What is located in this axis

What specifically is dependent on the specification of this axis?

A

Cranial (anterior) - caudal (posterior)

The limbs

Digit identity

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11
Q

A-P axis is defined by?

Significance?

What does it produce?

A

ZPA (zone of polarizing activity)

Helps maintain AER and vice versa

Produces SHH

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12
Q

Endochondral ossification forms bone. What two factors are necessary to initiate the proliferation of chondrocytes in this process?

A

BNP and FGF

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13
Q

Where do joints form?

A

In interzones - between the cartilage precursors of bone

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14
Q

What in the interzone eventually forms the synovial lining of joint?

What forms to become the synovial cavity?

A

DCT

Vacuoles

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15
Q

Dorsal muscles vs ventral

A

Dorsal- elevators (extend and abduct limb)

Ventral- depressors (flex and adduct limb)

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16
Q

Are quads ventral or dorsal?

A

Quads are ventral but developmentally dorsal (rotated- aligns limb parasagittally)

17
Q

Paraxial mesoderm will form

A

Sclerotome (future bone) and dermamyotome (dermis and muscle tissue)

18
Q

Function of Shh and noggin

A

Secreted from ventral neural tube and notochord to transition epithelium to mesenchyme

19
Q

What does PAX1 do

A

Initiates chondrogenesis and formation of vertebrae

20
Q

Function of FGF (and retinoic acid/WNTs)

Why is FGF8 significant

A

Create pattern of limb regionalization

If something happened to the AER, FGF8 is powerful enough to continue limb growth and development

21
Q

What will happen if you have something wrong at the AER

A

Limb will not fully develop

22
Q

Overactive ZPA will cause

A

Mirror image limb duplication (ZPA produces Shh)

23
Q

Direction of development caused by the following:

  1. Retinoic acid
  2. FGF8
  3. Shh
  4. WNT
  5. BMP
A
  1. Proximal
  2. Distal
  3. Anterior/posterior
  4. Dorsal
  5. Ventral
24
Q

Function of BMP

A

Stops limb bud outgrowth (when finished)

25
Q

Concentration of what needs to be low in order for somites to form?

What is anatagonistic to this

A

FGF needs to be low

Retinoic acid

26
Q

AER produces which type of elongation?

A

Proximal to distal (longitudinal limb growth)

27
Q

What is the progress zone

A

Mesodermal cells underlying the AER that make the limb elongate (controls dorsal ventral axis growth) (controlled by Wnt genes - expressed in dorsal part of progress zone)

28
Q

Where is ZPA located

What is it important for

A

Below AER along proximal posterior limb bud

Anterior/posterior patterning (radius ulna limb growth)

29
Q

Loss of ZPA ?

Upregulation of ZPA ?

A

Loss of ulnar digits

Additional posterior elements; concentration of Shh will be high (extra fingers)

30
Q

Where in the ZPA is Shh highest

A

Posterior side

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