Respiratory system

Question 1

(Antihistamine, H1-receptor antagonists)

Answer 1

Blocks histamine binding at the H1-receptor. histamine is released in response to antigen binding to IgE on surfaces of mast cells.

Question 2

Cetirizine

Answer 2

(Antihistamine, H1-receptor antagonists)
Allergies (i.e. hay fever)
Itchiness and hives
Adjunctive treatment for anaphylaxis alongside adrenaline

Question 3

Loratadine

Answer 3

(Antihistamine, H1-receptor antagonists)
Allergies (i.e. hay fever)
Itchiness and hives
Adjunctive treatment for anaphylaxis alongside adrenaline

Question 4

Fexofenadine

Answer 4

(Antihistamine, H1-receptor antagonists)
Allergies (i.e. hay fever)
Itchiness and hives
Adjunctive treatment for anaphylaxis alongside adrenaline

Question 5

Chlorophenamine

Answer 5

(Antihistamine, H1-receptor antagonists)
Allergies (i.e. hay fever)
Itchiness and hives
Adjunctive treatment for anaphylaxis alongside adrenaline

Question 6

(Antimuscarinics, bronchodilators)

Answer 6

Antimuscarinic bind to muscarinic receptor, otherwise bound by acetylcholine. Muscarininc receptors mediate parasympathetic effects. Antimuscarinincs therefore exert sympathetic effect (i.e. reduce smooth muscle tone, reduce glandular secretion)

Question 7

Ipratropium

Answer 7

(Antimuscarinics, bronchodilators)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma

Question 8

Tiotropium

Answer 8

(Antimuscarinics, bronchodilators)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma

Question 9

Glycopyrronium

Answer 9

(Antimuscarinics, bronchodilators)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma

Question 10

Aclidinium

Answer 10

(Antimuscarinics, bronchodilators)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Asthma

Question 11

(Beta-2-agonist)

Answer 11

Beta-2 receotors present in smooth muscle of bronchi, gut, uterus and blood vessels. Stimulation of these G-protein coupled receptors activate signalling cascade leading to smooth muscle relaxation. Also like insulin, beta-2-agonists stimulate Na+/K+ATPase pumps on cell surface and shifting K+ ions into cells. Useful in treating hyperkalaemia. Classified as short acting and long acting

Question 12

Salbutamol

Answer 12

(Short acting Beta-2-agonist)
Asthma
COPD
Hyperkalaemia

Question 13

Terbutaline

Answer 13

(Short acting Beta-2-agonist)
Asthma
COPD

Question 14

Sameterol

Answer 14

(Long acting Beta-2-agonist)
Asthma
COPD

Question 15

Formoterol

Answer 15

(Long acting Beta-2-agonist)
Asthma
COPD

Question 16

Indacaterol

Answer 16

(Beta-2-agonist)
Asthma
COPD

Question 17

(Corticosteroid, glucocorticoids, inhaled)

Answer 17

Corticosteroids pass through plasma membrane ultimately modifying transcription of several genes. Leads to down-regulation of pro-inflammatroy interleukins, cytokines, chemokines. Whilst up-regulating anti-inflammtory proteins. Widens airways in asthma and COPD

Question 18

Beclometasone

Answer 18

(Corticosteroid, glucocorticoids, inhaled)
Asthma
COPD

Question 19

Budesonide

Answer 19

(Corticosteroid, glucocorticoids, inhaled)
Asthma
COPD

Question 20

Fluticasone

Answer 20

(Corticosteroid, glucocorticoids, inhaled)
Asthma
COPD

Question 21

(Leukotriene receptor antagonist)

Answer 21

In asthma leukotriene produced by mast cells and eosinophils activates G-protein-couple leukotriene receptors CysLT1. This leads to inflammation and bronchoconstriciton. Antagonists block CysLT1, to downregulate inflammatory response

Question 22

Monteluksat

Answer 22

(Leukotriene receptor antagonist)

Asthma (adult and children)

Question 23

(Oxygen)

Answer 23

Oxygen supplementation increases alveolar PO2 to increase delivery of oxygen to hypoxic tissue. In pneumothorax, supplemental oxygen reduces fraction of nitrogen in alveolar gas. Pleural air mostly made of nitrogen, so supplemental oxygen increases re-uptake of nitrogen and out of body. In CO poisoning, oxygen competes with CO in binding to haemoglobin. O2 therapy shortens half life of carboxyhemoglobin.

Acute hypoxaemia
Pneumothorax
Carbon monoxide poisoning