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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

getting O2 into lungs and CO2 out of lungs

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3
Q

external respiration

A

getting O2 to the blood, and removing CO2 away from the blood, occurs in pulmonary capillaries of the lungs

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

getting O2 to the cells and removing CO2 away from cells. occurs in capillaries of systemic circulation

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5
Q

external nares

A

nostrils

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6
Q

vestibule

A

entrance, opening of nose past the external nares

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7
Q

vibrissae

A

nose hairs, important to filter things out

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8
Q

Nasal cavity

A

entrance is nasal vestibule; continues to internal nares or choanae. Above are ethmoid and sphenoid. below hard and soft palate. contains nasal conchae (aka turbinates)

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9
Q

Turbinates

A

nasal chonchae, swirl air to moisten and trap dust particles

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10
Q

Mucous membrane

A

lines respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. absorptive, protective, secretory

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11
Q

Seromucous glands

A

type of mucus gland in respiratory epithelium. aka tubuloalveolar glands.

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12
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

respiratory epithelium plus olfactory receptor cells. located below cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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13
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

for warming and humidifying air. and to make head lighter. They have one opening into nasal cavity that is very narrow, lined by nasal mucosa and subject to infection and sinusitis

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14
Q

Pharynx

A

located posterior and inferior to nasal cavity. begins at the choanae. lined by respiratory epithelium.

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15
Q

The three parts of the pharynx

A

naso, oro, and laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

from choanae to uvula of soft palate. lined by respiratory epithelium.
Contains opening of auditory tube to middle ear, tubal tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil.

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

from soft palate to level of hyoid bone. Posterior to oral cavity, acts as a passage of air and food. lined by stratified squamous epithelium. contains palatine and lingual tonsil, epitglottis.

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

from hyoid to level of cricoid cartilage of trachea. Posterior to larynx, acts as a passage for air and food. continuous with both esophagus and larynx. Contains openings into larynx

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19
Q

Larynx

A

opening into trachea, protected by epiglottis.
Part superior to vocal cords-stratified epithelium
Part inferior to vocal cords-respiratory epithelium

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20
Q

Vocal fold

A

sound production

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21
Q

Vestibular fold

A

lies above vocal fold to provide protection.

“false vocal cord”

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22
Q

Vocal ligament

A

stretches from thyroid to arytenoid cartilages. the vocal folds together form the rima glottides.

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23
Q

Thyroid

A

1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages.

shield shaped. larger in front.

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24
Q

Arytenoid

A

1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages

Paired. attachment of vocal cords

25
Q

Cricoid

A

1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages

Ring like in front, larger in back

26
Q

Corniculate

A

1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages

horn shaped.

27
Q

Motor innervation to muscles of vocalization and larynx is…

A

the vagus nerve

28
Q

Epiglottis is what kind of cartilage?

A

elastic

29
Q

The four laryngeal cartilages are what type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

30
Q

Trachea

A

“wind pipe” from cricoid cartilage to bifurcation into R and L bronchi. C shaped hyaline cartilage to keep air passage open. Posterior side is soft and in contact with esophagus.

31
Q

Carina

A

the ridge inside the bifurcation of the trachea. high concentration of cough receptors. occurs at transverse thoracic plane (level of sternal angle)

32
Q

Where in what section of the mediastinum is the trachea?

A

Trachea is in superior, bronchi are in posterior mediastinum because bifurcation happens at transverse thoracic plane

33
Q

Where is aspirated material more likely to go?

A

Right bronchus because angle in left bronchus is much steeper

34
Q

Primary bronchi

A

split into secondary or lobar bronchi which correspond to how many lobes are in each lung. i.e. 3 secondary bronchi on right side for the 3 lobes of the right lung

35
Q

What is the sequence of cartilage from bronchi to bronchiole

A

Cartilage rings in primary bronchi
plates in secondary and tertiary bronchi
No cartilage in bronchioles.
smooth muscle is found from the trachea through alveolar ducts

36
Q

Order of air flow into lungs

A

Trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole (CONDUCTING ZONE), respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus (RESPIRATORY ZONE)

37
Q

lobes and fissures of lungs

A

Right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior with a horizontal then oblique fissure.
Left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior with a oblique fissure

38
Q

Cardiac impression and notch

A

on left lung

39
Q

lingula

A

tongue like projection from left lung

40
Q

Cardiopulmonary circulation

A

O2 is exchanged for the CO2 on RBCs

41
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

deox blood from heart to lungs

travel with primary bronchus and divide into lobar arteries for each lobe

42
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

return oxygenated blood to heart

43
Q

Hilum

A

door into lung

44
Q

Root of lung

A

collectively all structures that travel together into or out of lung
Root of lung from superior to inferior
LEFT: pulmonary arteries, bronchi, pulmonary veins
RIGHT: bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

45
Q

Phrenic nerve pathway

A

passes ventrally to the root and through the epicardium

46
Q

Vagus nerve pathway

A

passes dorsally to the root of the lung and disappears behind the heart

47
Q

Pleura

A

lines thoracic wall and lungs. mesothelium (serous membrane). visceral pleura in contact with lungs, parietal pleura in contact with thoracic wall
Become continuous at the hilum

48
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

the inferiorly continuing double layer of pleura

49
Q

Parietal pleura consists of four parts..

A

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and cervical (or cupola)

50
Q

Pleural pain

A

visceral is insensitive

parietal innervated by phrenic, intercostal and dermatomes C3-C5

51
Q

Bronchioles

A

no cartilage and simple columnar ciliated epithelium

52
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

simple CUBOIDAL ciliate epithelium

53
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervations of smooth muscle

A

Sym: broncholdilation
Para: bronchoconstriction

54
Q

Alveoli

A

gas filled, air exchange chamber. most of lung volume. Type 1(simple squamous make up walls of alveolus) and Type II (surfactant) cells. Dust cells (alveolar macrophages)

55
Q

intercostal muscles

A

usually just used during exercise or forced breathing, otherwise just diaphragm to increase size of thoracic cavity

56
Q

Innveration of respiration

A

quiet-phrenic and intercostal nerves
forced-recruits other muscles
inhibition of inspiration-stretch receptors in lungs
diaphragm-phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
ventral rami of T1-T12 of intercostal nerves

57
Q

Neural control of ventilation

A

Respiratory center in medulla.
Chemoreceptors respond to decreases in O2 and CO2. Aortic bodies in aortic arch and carotid bodies at bifurcation of common carotid artery
Sensory info to medulla by vagus and glossopharyngeal

58
Q

Vascular supply to lungs

A

trachea, bronchi and lungs are supplied by bronchial arteries from thoracic artery and drained by bronchial veins that empty into azygos system of veins and small branches into pulmonary veins

Anatomy (9 decks)

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