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Digestive System (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory organs of digestion

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas, liver. Assist in digestion but not necessarily required

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2
Q

The abdominal cavity is peritoneum. True/false

A

True

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3
Q

Alimentary canal

A

aka GI tract. Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

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4
Q

Is food material considered to enter the body?

A

No, it remains outside, but passes through

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

Acquire nutrients and water

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6
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed?

A

the stomach

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7
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed?

A

the small intestine

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8
Q

Where are water, electrolytes, and vitamins absorbed?

A

the large intestine

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9
Q

Absorbed nutrients are passed into veins of the digestive system and then go into the…

A

liver!

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10
Q

What is absorbed through the small intestine and then passed into the lymphatic system?

A

Fats. through a lacteal duct. they eventually will enter the circulatory system

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11
Q

What does the sigmoid colon store?

A

Feces

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12
Q

What are the 6 activities of digestion?

A

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation

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13
Q

Ingestion

A

taking food into the mouth

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14
Q

Propulsion

A

swallowing, partly voluntary. and peristalsis, involuntary movement of food

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15
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

chewing, churning of food in stomach, and segmentation. Occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestine

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16
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breaks down food material into molecules. Occurs in the mouth (saliva), stomach (acids) and small intestine (bile from liver/enzymes from small intestine?)

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17
Q

Absorption

A

Transporting nutrients/electrolytes/water into veins; and fats into the lymphatics

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18
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of indigestible substances. Food passes through the GI tract and the body takes what it needs.

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19
Q

Peristalsis

A

utilizes coordination of the circular and longitudinal muscles in the intestine to propel food through the lumen

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20
Q

Segmentation

A

Utilizes the circular and longitudinal muscles of intestine to mix rather than propel

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21
Q

Histology of the GI tract

A

From inside out: mucosa (true epithelium), submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (mesothelium)

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22
Q

Mucosa of GI tract

A

Innermost layer. True epithelium + lamina propria + muscularis mucosae. Epithelium is either stratified squamous or simple columnar

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23
Q

Submucosa of GI tract

A

2nd innermost layer. Contains arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics, sometimes mucus glands

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24
Q

Muscularis externa of GI tract

A

2nd outermost layer. longitudinal smooth muscle.

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25
Serosa or adventitia of GI tract
Outermost layer. Mesothelium. Visceral peritoneum. Connective tissue layer. Simple squamous epithelium
26
Enteric Neurons
Autonomics- Myenteric to gut and Submucosal to muscularis mucosae
27
Submucosal nervous plexus
signals submucosal glands to secrete and muscularis mucosae to contract
28
Myenteric nervous plexus
located between the circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis externa. Controls peristalsis and segmentation
29
4 mucosal epithelium in GI tract
Protective, secretory, absorptive and absorptive/protective
30
Protective epithelium
stratified squamous, located in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal
31
Secretory epithelium
simply columnar. Specialized for secreting mucus. Mucus-secreting cells and mucus-neck cells located in the stomach
32
Absorptive epithelium
simple columnar cells. Modified for absorbing nutrients, located in small intestine
33
Absorptive/protective epithelium
simple columnar. For absorbing water/electrolytes switching to stratified squamous. Absorptive cells in large intestine, stratified squamous in anal canal
34
Alveolar ridge
Line between the tooth and gum
35
Oral vestibule
Space between the lip and the alveolar ridge
36
Labial frenulum
Lip to the gum
37
Lingual frenulum
Tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
38
What is the roof of the oral cavity formed by?
Hard palate- maxillary and palatine bones | Soft palate
39
Uvula
Dangles from the soft palate in the back of the oral cavity
40
The palatine tonsil is located...
Between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch
41
The three types of papilla on the tongue
Filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate
42
Filiform papillae
Resemble pointed cones, most numerous, no taste buds
43
Fungiform papillae
Resemble mushrooms, posses taste buds
44
Circumvallate papillae
Resemble a circular wall, posses taste buds
45
Sulcus terminalis of alimentary canal
Separates the circumvallate papilla and lingual tonsil
46
Fauces
The opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx | Formed by palatoglossal arch, uvula, and sulcus terminalis
47
Tonsilar ring
Ring of protective tonsils in the oropharynx, includes palatine and lingual tonsils
48
The three salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual, submandibular
49
Parotid glands
secrete amylase (digest carbs) and lysosomes (lyse bacteria), parotid duct passes through buccinator
50
Sublingual glands
Mucous cells, secrete mucus for lubrication, utilizes many ducts
51
Submandibular glands
Serous and mucous cells, submandibular duct
52
Teeth
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars
53
Esophagus
Carries food from oral cavity to stomach | Upper third skeletal muscle, middle mixed, inferior third smooth (involuntary)
54
Esophagus histology and function
Mucosa has protective stratified squamous epithelium Mucus glands in the submucosa Muscularis externa has skeletal, smooth, or mixed muscle. May function as sphincter muscle, but cardiac sphincter of diaphragm serves as functional sphincter External layer is adventitia, not serosa
55
Regions of the stomach
Cardiac, funds, body and pyloris
56
Rugae
Folds formed when the stomach decreases in size
57
Stomach histology
Gastric pits-lined by modified simple columnar cells called mucus secreting cells. NO goblet cells. Mucus neck cells- secrete mucus and line the neck of the gastric pit Fundus and body have gastric pits and gastric glands Muscularis externa has three layers of smooth muscle
58
Gastric glands
Parietal cells- secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (for absorption of vitamin B) Chief cells- secrete pepsin to breakdown proteins Enteroendocrine cells- secrete gastrin which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl
59
Pyloric sphincter
Formed by thickened middle circular layer of stomach
60
Small intestine
Site for nutrient absorption Duodenum (intestine of 12 digits), jejunum and ileum Duodenum begins after pyloric sphincter Ileum ends at the ileo-cecal valve
61
Histology of small intestine
Absorptive cells, lacteal vessels, goblet cells, Paneth cells (secrete lysosomes), peyers patches Muscularis externa has 2 layers of smooth muscle Surface of lumen has modifications to increase surface area
62
Small intestine lumen
Plica circularis- thickened areas of submucosa Villi- finger like projections Mircovilli- microscopic folds on apical surface of cells Crypts- located between adjacent villi Paneth cells- located at base of crypts, secrete lysosomes
63
Specializations of duodenum
Brunners glands- mucus secreting cells in submucosa | Enteroendocrine cells- food material entering duodenum stimulates the secretion if cholecystokinin and secretin
64
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum
65
Secretin
Stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive juices and bicarbonate into duodenum
66
Large intestine is a site for....
Absorption of water and electrolytes
67
The parts of the large intestine are...
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
68
The large intestine begins at the...
Ileo-cecal junction | The ileo-cecal valve is a sphincter formed from inner circular layer of muscularis externa
69
Ascending colon becomes...
Transverse colon at the right colic (hepatic) flexure
70
The transverse colon becomes
descending colon at the left colic (splenic) flexure
71
Vermiform appendix
Extension of the cecum
72
Taenia coli
Longitudinal smooth muscle of the muscularis externa
73
Haustra
Pockets formed by the contraction of taenia coli
74
Epiploic appendages
Fat filled pouches hanging from the colon
75
The large intestine is specialized for
Absorbing water and electrolytes and lubricating and moving solid feces
76
Does the large intestine have villi?
No, because there is no need to increase surface area to absorb maximum nutrients. But there are very abundant goblet cells to secrete lots of mucus
77
Some histology of the large intestine
Very deep intestinal glands and crypts of lieberkuehn
78
More histo of large intestine
Abundant aggregated lymphoid nodules in submucosa-Not peyers patches. E. coli found inside. Muscularis externa has 2 layers of smooth muscle, inner circular and outer longitudinal Taenia coli- ribbons of the colon
79
The rectum becomes...
the anal canal, epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous
80
Internal sphincter of anus
Inner circular smooth muscle (involuntary)
81
External sphincter of anus
Skeletal muscle, levator and (voluntary)
82
Biliary tree
Bile produced in liver and travels through right and left hepatic ducts, which join and form common hepatic duct Bile is stored in the gallbladder When gallbladder contracts bile is excreted into cystic duct Cystic duct plus common hepatic = common bile duct Common bile duct plus pancreatic duct = duodenal (hepatopancreatic) ampulla and papilla
83
Bile
Produced in liver, utilized in duodenum for emulsification of fats, stored in gallbladder
84
Food material entering duodenum stimulates...
Secretion from enteroendocrine cells of duodenum, which produce cholecystokinin which causes the gallbladder to contract excreting bile into duodenum
85
Pancreas
Located under stomach, head is in contact with duodenum, tail extended towards spleen
86
Exocrine cells of pancreas
Acinar cells secrete enzymes into a duct In response to secretin secreted from enteroendocrine cells of duodenum: Proteases- breakdown proteins to polypeptides to amino acids Amylases- complex sugars into simple Lipases- fats (along with bile) Nucleases- nuclear material, DNA, RNA Bicarbonate- a buffer to neutralize acidic chyme from stomach
87
Endocrine cells in pancreas
Secrete a hormone into the circulatory system Insulin and glucagon in response to blood glucose concentrations Alpha cells- glucagon and beta cells- insulin, make up islands of langerhans
88
Insulin
Escorts glucose from blood into cells and signals the liver to store glucosamine lowers the blood glucose concentration
89
Peritoneum
Serous membrane (mesothelium) lining the abdomen. One continuous membrane lining visceral organs (visceral peritoneum) and lining the walls (parietal peritoneum)
89
Glucagon
Signals liver to release stored glucose, increases the blood glucose concentration
90
Viscera that are intraperitoneal
Liver, stomach, jejunum and ileum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
91
Viscera located outside (behind) the peritoneum = retro peritoneal
Esophagus, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, pancreas
92
Mesentery
Double layer of visceral peritoneum
93
Mesentery of liver
Falciform ligament
94
Mesentery of stomach
Greater and lesser omentum
95
Mesentery of jejunum and ileum
Mesentery proper
96
Mesentery of of transverse and sigmoid colon
Transverse mesocolon and sigmoid mesocolon, respectively

Anatomy (9 decks)

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