Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the functions of the nose?

Answer 1

inhalation 
smell
hydration of air going in
warms air
resonance of voice

Question 2

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 2

resonance
same as nasal cavity
lighten the skull

Question 3

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

Answer 3

nasopharynx
oropharyn
laryngopharynx

Question 4

What are the functions of the larynx?

Answer 4

provide an open airway for breathing
act as a switching mechanism for air and food
voice production
act as a sphincter

Question 5

What is the larynx made of?

Answer 5

hyaline cartilage

Question 6

What in the larynx closes to prevent exhalation?

Answer 6

glottis

Question 7

What is Valsalva’s maneuver?

Answer 7

forcibly exhaling while keeping the mouth and nose closed

Question 8

How is loudness changed?

Answer 8

Changed by pushing more or less air through

Question 9

How is pitch changed?

Answer 9

tightening the muscles to create tension and create different vibrations

Question 10

What decreases due to the branching of the lungs?

Answer 10

pressure

Question 11

How much mucus does the serous and mucous glands secrete per day?

Answer 11

1 liter

Question 12

What do the epithelial cells fo respiratory mucosa secrete?

Answer 12

defensin

Question 13

What is defensin?

Answer 13

antibiotic

Question 14

What is the role of cilia?

Answer 14

acts as a filtering agent

Question 15

What is the purpose of bronchopulmonary segments?

Answer 15

separates different areas of the lung

Question 16

In what area of the lungs does gas exchange occur?

Answer 16

alveolar sacs

Question 17

As conducting tubes become smaller, what happens to support structures?

Answer 17

they decrease

Question 18

As conducting tubes become smaller, what happens to epithelium type?

Answer 18

it decreases

Question 19

As conducting tubes become smaller, what happens to the amount of smooth muscle?

Answer 19

it increases

Question 20

What three things are affected by the decrease in size of conducting tubes?

Answer 20

support structures
epithelium type
amount of smooth muscle

Question 21

What is the respiratory membrane/wall of alveoli made up of?

Answer 21

alveolar wall
capillary wall
fused basement membrane

Question 22

How thick is the alveolar wall?

Answer 22

one cell thick

Question 23

What opens up each alveoli to the next one?

Answer 23

alveolar pores

Question 24

What do alveolar pores do?

Answer 24

diffuse pressure

Question 25

What are found in or on the alveoli?

Answer 25

alveolar pores macrophages type II cells elastic fibers

Question 26

What do macrophages in the alveoli do?

Answer 26

attack pathogens | take debris away

Question 27

What do type II cells in the alveoli do?

Answer 27

produce surfactant, which decreases the surface tension of water

Question 28

What do elastic fibers in the alveoli do?

Answer 28

causes recoil within the lungs

Question 29

Which circuits provide blood supply to the lungs?

Answer 29

both pulmonary and systemic

Question 30

Lungs are iinflated why?

Answer 30

because they are held open by the lining of the lungs

Question 31

Visceral vs. Parietal

Answer 31

``` visceral = touching organ parietal = not touching organ ```

Question 32

What does the lining of the lungs do?

Answer 32

reduces friction | creates suction cup to hold lungs to chest cavity wall

Question 33

How is the suction cup created in the lungs?

Answer 33

pressure outside the lungs is greater than the pressure inside the lungs

Question 34

What are the layers of the pleurae and pleural cavity?

Answer 34

parietal pleura visceral pleura pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid

Question 35

What is atmospheric pressure?

Answer 35

pressure outside

Question 36

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 36

pressure within the pleural cavity

Question 37

What causes inhalation?

Answer 37

External intercostals contract, which spreads the ribs and increases space from the sides and front to back Diaphragm contracts and increases space up and down This creates a negative intrapulmonary pressure compared to atmospheric, so air moves down its concentration gradient and into the lungs

Question 38

What causes exhalation?

Answer 38

Elastic recoil of lung tissue No contraction of lung muscles Increased intrapulmonary pressure compared to atmospheric pressure Air moves down its concentration gradient and out of the lungs

Question 39

What kind of process is exhalation and why?

Answer 39

Passive process because the muscles in the lungs are not contracting

Question 40

What operates gas exchange?

Answer 40

concentration gradients

Question 41

How does the solubility of CO2 affect the concentration gradient?

Answer 41

CO2 is more soluble in water | strong concentration gradient is not needed to make it move

Question 42

How does the solubility of oxygen affect the concentration gradient?

Answer 42

oxygen is not as soluble in water | it requires more pressure to push it in whatever direction

Question 43

What does oxygen bind to?

Answer 43

hemoglobin

Question 44

What are the two modes of oxygen transport in the blood?

Answer 44

dissolved in blood plasma | bound to hemoglobin

Question 45

What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in blood plasma?

Answer 45

1.5%

Question 46

At rest, how much oxygen do we retain?

Answer 46

75%

Question 47

What is the saturation of arterial blood hemoglobin under resting/normal conditions?

Answer 47

98%

Question 48

After gas exchange with tissues, what is the saturation of hemoglobin?

Answer 48

75%

Question 49

What affects the binding affinity of hemoglobin?

Answer 49

temperature pH CO2 pressure

Question 50

What is the affect of increased temperature on the affinity and release of oxygen?

Answer 50

creates less afinity between oxygen and hemoglobin | increases release of oxygen

Question 51

What is the affect of decreased temperature on the affinity and release of oxygen?

Answer 51

more affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin | decreased release of oxygen

Question 52

How does an increase in CO2 affect oxygen affinity?

Answer 52

increase in CO2 decreases O2 affinity to hemoglobin

Question 53

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 53

CO2 increases the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin where needed

Question 54

What is the technical term for inadequate O2 delivery?

Answer 54

hypoxia

Question 55

What are the causes of hypoxia?

Answer 55

``` decreased hemoglobin content decreased number of RBCs blocked blood vessel pulmonary disorder decreased ability of tissues to use O2 ```

Question 56

What causes the release of carbon monoxide?

Answer 56

CO released during fires and fuel combustion | car exhaust

Question 57

What are the symptoms of CO poisoning?

Answer 57

disorientation | sick to stomach

Question 58

What causes CO poisoning?

Answer 58

CO has 100x more affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen does CO will out-compete oxygen Decreases ability to carry oxygen to the body suffocation

Question 59

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

Answer 59

dissolved in plasma bound to hemoglobin on protein (not heme) bicarbonate ions

Question 60

Explain the formation of carbaminohemoglobin?

Answer 60

CO2 binds to globin (protein component) and not the heme group

Question 61

What is the Haldane effect?

Answer 61

reduced hemoglobin (unloaded oxygen) has a greater ability to form carbaminohemoglobin

Question 62

How does O2 leaving the heme group affect CO2?

Answer 62

CO2 binds more readily

Question 63

How does a bicarbonate ion form?

Answer 63

CO2 + H2O becomes carbonic acid | Carbonic acid then breaks apart to become bicarbonate

Question 64

How does an increase in CO2 affect the amount of bicarbonate ions?

Answer 64

amount of bicarbonate ions increases

Question 65

How does a decrease in CO2 affect the amount of bicarbonate ions?

Answer 65

decreases amount of bicarbonate ions

Question 66

Describe the slow formation of bicarbonate ions

Answer 66

CO2 dissolves in plasma | then converts to HCO3

Question 67

Describe the fast formation of bicarbonate ions

Answer 67

CO2 diffuses into RBC and converts to HCO3 | with help of carbonic anhydrase

Question 68

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

Answer 68

reversibly forms carbonic acid

Question 69

Explain the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 69

pH goes down= more hydrogen ions = increases bicarbonate = increases formation of acid = increases CO2 = increases acidity/decreases pH

Question 70

How do shallow breaths affect blood pH?

Answer 70

increases CO2 increases H2CO3 (carbonic acid) decreases pH

Question 71

How does deep breathing affect blood pH?

Answer 71

flushes CO2 from blood decreases carbonic acid increases pH

Question 72

All-in-all, the mechanism generating rhythmic breathing patterns is what?

Answer 72

generally unknown

Question 73

Where do autonomic responses come from?

Answer 73

brain stem

Question 74

What are the two types of chemical control detectors?

Answer 74

peripheral chemoreceptors | central chemoreceptors

Question 75

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 75

aortic arch | carotid artery

Question 76

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 76

brain stem (medulla)

Question 77

What is hypercapnea?

Answer 77

elevated levels of CO2

Question 78

What is hypocapnea and what could possibly cause it?

Answer 78

decreased levels of CO2 | shallow breaths/hyperventilation