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Anatomy and Physiology II > Pregnancy & Development - Exam 4 > Flashcards

Pregnancy & Development - Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

near ovary

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2
Q

Where does implantation occur?

A

in uterus

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3
Q

Gestation period

A

time from last mentrual period until birth (~280 days)

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4
Q

Embryo

A

fertilization through week 8

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5
Q

Fetus

A

week 9 through birth

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6
Q

How long is an oocyte viable?

A

12-24 hours

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7
Q

How long is sperm viable?

A

24-48 hours after ejaculation

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8
Q

For fertilization to occur, coitus must happen when?

A

two days before ovulation

24 hours after ovulation

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9
Q

In order for fertilization to occur, what must take place?

A

sperm must breach oocyte coverings

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10
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

acrosome (protective cap over head of sperm) has enzymes to allow for entry into oocyte

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11
Q

When does the oocyte do to protect against another sperm entering?

A

oocyte swells

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12
Q

What triggers the completion of meiosis II?

A

fertilization

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13
Q

From zygote to gastrula, explain the process of a fertilized egg

A
  1. Zygote - fertilized egg
  2. Cleavage - cell division with a decrease in size
  3. 4-Cell stage
  4. Cleavage
  5. Morula - ball of cells
  6. Blastocyst/Blastula - hollow ball of cells
  7. Implantation
  8. Gastrula - gastrulation
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14
Q

What is used for stem cell research?

A

blastocyst/blastula

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15
Q

Gastrulation

A

formation of 3 layers

allows for cell differentiation

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16
Q

When is implantation completed?

A

12th day after ovulation

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17
Q

What prevents menstruation?

A

-elevation of estrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

What keeps estrogen and progesterone elevated to prevent menstruation?

A

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin

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19
Q

What takes the place of corpus luteum in hormone production?

A

placenta formation

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20
Q

What is the maternal aspect of the placenta?

A

blood pockets

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21
Q

What creates 3 germ layers in the embryo?

A

granulation

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22
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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23
Q

Other than estrogen and progesterone, what else does the placenta secrete?

A

human placental lactogen (hPL)

relaxin

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24
Q

What does human placental lactogen do?

A

maturation of breasts
fetal growth
glucose sparing in mother (for fetus)

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25
What does relaxin do?
relaxed pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis
26
Chorionic villi
fetal portion of placenta, where exchange between mom and baby occurs
27
Amnion
sac filled with amniotic fluid
28
What are the functions of the amnion?
protection buffer of temperature buoyancy
29
What is the purpose of fetal vascular shunts?
bypass lungs and liver because they are not fully developed in the womb
30
What is the vascular shunt that bypasses the lungs?
foramen ovale
31
What is the vascular shunt that passes blood through the liver and into the vena cava of the heart?
ductus venosus
32
What is the vascular shunt that moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?
ductus arteriosus
33
What stimulates the closure of the vascular shunts?
At birth, the increase in blood pressure and decrease in pulmonary pressure closes the ductus arteriosus. This builds pressure in the left atrium and reduces right atrial pressure, stimulating the closure of the foramen ovale
34
What are the physiological changes during pregnancy?
- increase in metabolic demand - cardiovascular system change - increase in TV of respiratory system - increased urine production
35
What is the most significant and important physiological change that occurs during pregnancy?
- cardiovascular system change - cardiac output must increase - BP must increase - BV must increase
36
What determines the time labor starts?
fetus
37
During the last few weeks of pregnancy, the fetus secretes what which stimulates what?
fetus secretes cortisol which stimulates placenta to secrete more estrogen
38
What causes the placenta to produce prostaglandins?
fetal oxytocin
39
Oxytocin and prostaglandins function as what?
powerful uterine muscle stimulants
40
What is the positive feedback loop that causes labor to progress until birth?
- posterior pituitary produces oxytocin - oxytocin stimulates contraction - prostaglandins produced - prostaglandins stimulates production of more oxytocin
41
Overall, what causes the reflex to breathe?
build up of hydrogen ions
42
Explain the process of a baby's first breath?
increase in CO2 causes central acidosis stimulates respiratory control centers to trigger first inspiration
43
What needs to be secreted by the infant's type II cells to help lung inflation?
surfactant
44
What happens to the ductus arteriosus and venosus after birth?
become ligaments
45
What hormone stimulates milk production?
prolactin
46
What hormone stimulates milk release?
oxytocin
47
What can be collected from adults for DNA analysis?
white blood cells skin cells cells from biopsies
48
What can be collected from a fetus for DNA analysis?
cells in amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) | cells from placenta (chorionic villus sampling)
49
The collection of DNA for analysis in a fetus could stimulate what?
spontaneous abortion
50
What causes an altered number of chromosomes?
nondisjunction
51
What is nondisjunction?
failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or II
52
What is Trisomy 21?
3 chromosomes on 21 | Down's Syndrome
53
The risk factor for Down's syndrome increases with what?
maternal age
54
What is the risk factor for Down's syndrome in mothers ages 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45?
``` 25- 1 in 1300 30 - 1 in 1000 35 - 1 in 400 40 - 1 in 100 45 - 1 in 35 ```
55
What is Turner Syndrome?
XO | no SRY gene present to make a male
56
An XXX or XYY syndrome could result in what?
taller girls | elevated phenotypes
57
What is the rate of miscarriages?
50% of pregnancies
58
How common are chromosomal abnormalities?
present in 1 in 200 births
59
Chromosomal abnormalities are responsible for how many early deaths?
5-7%
60
What is a karyotype?
a number and visual appearance of chromosomes in an organism or species
61
Why does the risk of chromosomal abnormalities increase with the age of the mother?
The eggs are not as fresh or viable

Anatomy and Physiology II (10 decks)

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