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Respiratory system > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Body cells require continuous supply of

A

oxygen

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2
Q

Major role of RS

A

is to supply the body with the oxygen it needs and dispose of carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs.

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4
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is simply called

A

ventilation or breathing

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5
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchanges to and from the pulmonary circuit blood that occur in the lungs

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6
Q

Transport of respiratory gases

A

Transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body using blood as the transport vehicle

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7
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases to and from the blood capillaries of the systemic circulation

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8
Q

oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading occurs in

A

External respiration

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9
Q

oxygen unloading and carbon dioxide loading occurs in

A

internal respiration

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10
Q

Tasks of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration

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11
Q

upper respiratory system structures

A

nose
pharynx
larynx

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12
Q

air generally passes into the respiratory tract through the

and enters

A

nostrils

nasal cavity

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13
Q

another name for nostrils

A

nares

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14
Q

air then flows posteriorly over 3 pairs of lobelike structures

A

inferior, superior and middle nasal conchae

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15
Q

inferior, superior and middle nasal conchae increase the

A

air turbulence

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16
Q

as the air passes through the nasal cavity, it is warmed, moistened and filtered by the

A

nasal mucosa

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17
Q

when air flows directly beneath the superior part of the nasal cavity may stimulate

A

the olfactory receptors in the mucosa of that region

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18
Q

nasal cavity is surrounded by the

A

paranasal sinuses in the frontal, spenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones

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19
Q

paranasal sinuses act as

Their mucus

A

resonance chambers in speech

warms and moisten the incoming air

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20
Q

nasal passages are separated from the oral cavity below by a

A

parition composed anteriorly of the hard plate and posteriorly by the soft plate

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21
Q

oral and nasal cavities are joined temporarily

A

pharynx

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22
Q

when air enters via mouth, it moves into the

A

pharynx

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23
Q

another name of pharynx

A

throat

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24
Q

pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities to the

A

larynx and esophagus inferiorly

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25
Q

lies posteriorly to the nasal cavity

A

nasopharynx

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26
Q

nasopharynx serves only as an air passage because

A

it lies above the soft plate

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27
Q

above nasopharynx

A

pharyngeal tonsils, paired masses of lymphoid tissue

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28
Q

allow middle ear pressure to become equalized to atmosphere pressure, drain into the nasapharynx

A

pharyngotympanic or auditory tubes

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29
Q

lies posteriorly to the oral cavity

A

oropharynx

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30
Q

oropharynx extends from the

A

soft plate to the epiglottis of the larynx inferiorly

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31
Q

oropharynx serves as a common

A

conduit for food and air

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32
Q

lateral walls of oropharynx are the

A

palatine tonsils

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33
Q

covers the base of the tongue

A

lingual tonsil

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34
Q

like the oropharynx, accommodates both ingested food and air

A

laryngopharynx

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35
Q

laryngopharynx extends to the

A

larynx

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36
Q

larynx, common pathway divides into

A

respiratory and digestive channels

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37
Q

from the laryngopharynx, air enters the

A

lower respiratory passageways by passing through the larynx into the trachea below

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38
Q

another name for larynx

A

voicebox

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39
Q

larynx is made uo of

A

9 cartilages

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40
Q

largest cartilage are the

A

shield shaped thyroid cartilage

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41
Q

anterior protrusion of thyroid cartilage is called

A

adam’s apple

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42
Q

more inferior ring shaped cartilage

A

cricoid cartilage

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43
Q

all laryngeal cartilages are composed of;

except for

A

hyaline cartilage

epiglottis

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44
Q

define epiglottis

A

flaplike elastic cartilage superior to the opening of the larynx

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45
Q

epiglottis forms a lid over the larynx when we;

A

swallow

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46
Q

if anything other than air enters the larynx

A

a cough reflex attempts to expel the substance

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47
Q

cough reflex only works when the person is

A

conscious

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48
Q

mucous membrane of the larynx is thrown into a pair of folds called the;

A

vocal folds or true vocal cord, which vibrate with expelled air for speech

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49
Q

the slitlike passageway between the vocal folds is called the

A

glottis

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50
Q

air entering the trachea travels down its length;

to the level of the;

There passageways divides into the

A

11ch

5th thoracic vertebra

right and left main or primary bronchi

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51
Q

trachea is lined with a ciliated

A

mucus secreting epithelium

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52
Q

mucus are produced by

A

goblet cells

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53
Q

the cilia propel;

away from lungs and throat, where it can be

A

spat out or swallowed

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54
Q

walls of trachea is are reinforced with

A

C shaped cartilages, with the incomplete portion of the rings facing toward the esophagus

55
Q

the solid portions reinforce the trachea walls to keep its passageways

A

open regardless of the pressure changes that occur during breathing

56
Q

main bronchi plunge into their respective lungs at an indented area called the

A

hilum

57
Q

inhaled foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in here

A

right main bronchi

58
Q

bronchi divides further into smaller and smaller branches called

A

bronchioles

59
Q

bronchioles have a terminal branche called

A

respiratory bronchioles

60
Q

all but the tiniest branches have

A

cartilage in their walls, usually oin the form of small plates of hyaline cartilage

61
Q

as the respiratory branches get smaller and smaller, the relative amount of

A

smooth muscles in their walls increases and the amount of cartilage declines and finally disappears

62
Q

continuous branching of the respiratory passageways in the lungs is often called to as the

A

respiratory tree

63
Q

respiratory bronchioles in turn subdivided into

A

alveolar ducts

64
Q

alveolar ducts end in

A

alveolar sac, resemble a cluster of grapes

65
Q

describe alveoli

A

tiny ballonlike expansion along the alveolar sacs

66
Q

alveoli are composed of

A

a single thin layer of squamous epithelium overlying a wispy connective tissue layer

67
Q

external surfaces of the alveoli are

A

densely spiderwebbed with pulmonary capillaries

68
Q

together, the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes form the

A

respiratory membrane

69
Q

gas exchanges occur by

across;

referred to as

A

simple diffusion

respiratory membrane, the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory broncioles

respiratory zone structures

70
Q

all other respiratory passageways serve as;

are called

A

access or exit routes to and from these gas exchange chambers

conducting zone structures

71
Q

each lung is connected to the mediastinum by

A

a root containing its vascular supply and bronchial attachments

72
Q

all structures distal to the primary bronchi are inside

A

the lungs

73
Q

deep to the clavicle

A

lung’s apex

74
Q

rests of the diaphragm

A

base

75
Q

medial surface of the left lung has a

A

recess that accommodates the heart

76
Q

divides the lungs into a number of lobes

A

fissure

2 in the left lung and 3 in the right

77
Q

lungs are mostly;

A

elastic connective tissue, which allows then to recoil passively during expiration

78
Q

each lung is enclosed in a double layered serous membrane sac called

A

pleura

79
Q

attached to the thoracic walls and diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

80
Q

outer layer of lungs

A

parietal pleura

81
Q

inner layer of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

82
Q

2 pleura layers are separated by the

A

pleural cavity

83
Q

pleural layers produce

A

lubricating serous fluid that causes them to adhere closely to one another, holding the lungs to the thoracic wall and allowing them to move easily against one another during the movements of breathing

84
Q

includes larynx, trachea with attached lungs, the heart, and portions of the major blood vessels found in the mediastinum

A

sheep pluck

85
Q

advantage of using a fresh pluck

A

is that it changes color (becomes more red) as hemoglobin in trapped RBCs becomes loaded with oxygen

86
Q

a “lid” for the larynx:

A

epiglottis

87
Q

shaped like a signet ring:

A

cricoid

88
Q

connects the larynx to the primary bronchi

A

trachea

89
Q

site of tonsils

A

pharynx

90
Q

food passageway posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

91
Q

covers the glottis during swallowing of food

A

epiglottis

92
Q

contains the vocal cords

A

larynx

93
Q

pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax

A

parietal pleura

94
Q

site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood

A

aveolus

95
Q

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

opening of auditory tubes

96
Q

opening between the vocal folds

A

glottis

97
Q

increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity

A

concha

98
Q

separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

A

palate

99
Q

function of cilia

A

Sweep (debris-laden) mucus superiorly away from lungs

100
Q

Why does oxygen move from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood?

A

Because the partial pressure of oxygen is greater

in the alveoli; therefore, it moves according to the laws of diffusion into the pulmonary blood

101
Q

What structural characteristics of the alveoli make them an ideal site for the diffusion of gases

A

Thin walls, extremely large surface area.

102
Q

pulmonary ventilation has 2 phases

A

inspiration

expiration

103
Q

when inspiratory muscles contract

A

size of the thoracic cavity increases

104
Q

what cause the increase in the superoinferior volume

A

the diaphram moves from its relaxed dome shaped to a flattened position

105
Q

external intercostals lift the rib cage

A

increasing the anteroposterior and lateral dimentions

106
Q

lowers the air pressure inside the lungs

A

increase in intrapulmonary volume

107
Q

during expiration, the inspiration

A

muscles relax and the elastic lung tissue recoils

108
Q

both intrathoracic and intropulmonary volumes decrease during

A

expiration

109
Q

as the gas molecules within the lungs are forced closer together

A

intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure

110
Q

produce variations in respiratory volumes

A

a person’s size, sex, age and physical condition

111
Q

respiratory volumes are measured with an apparatus called

A

a spirometer

112
Q

2 types of spyrometers

A

handheld dry or wheen

wet spirometer

113
Q

the more sophisticated wet spirometer consists of a

A

plastic or metal bell that sir can be added to or removed from and which rests in a rectangular or cylindrical tank

114
Q

in nonrecording spirometers

A

an indicator moves as air is exhales and only expired air volumes can be measured directly

115
Q

the neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located in the

A

medulla and pons

116
Q

medulla initiates the basic

A

rate and rhythm

117
Q

what can modify the rate and depth of respiration

A

talking, yawning, coughing and exercise

118
Q

changes in co2 blood levels act directly on the

A

medulla control centers

119
Q

changes in PH and oxygen levels are monitored by

A

chemoreceptor regions in the aortic and carotid bodies, which in turn send input to the medulla

120
Q

describe pneumograph

A

an apparatus that records variations in breathing patterns, is the best means of observing respiratory variations

121
Q

coiled rubber hose that is attached around the thorax

A

chest pneumograph

122
Q

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow into the lungs?

A

↑ thoracic volume, and

↓pressure.

123
Q

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow out of the lungs? Explain why this is so.

A

↑thoracic volume.
The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior-inferior dimension; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior/posterior dimensions.

124
Q

Activation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins the inspiratory process. What effect does contraction of these muscles have on thoracic volume, and how is this accomplished

A

↑thoracic volume. The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior-inferior dimension; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior/posterior dimensions.

125
Q

What temporary physiological advantage is created by the substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration?

A

Increases the thoracic volume more; therefore, creates a greater negative internal pressure, causing the gases to rush in quickly. Also, more “fresh” air reaches the alveoli

126
Q

The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal breathing movements. What would happen if an opening were made into the chest cavity, as with a puncture wound?

A

Destroys the partial vacuum in the pleural space and the lung on the affected side collapses.

127
Q

Which of the respiratory sounds is heard during both inspiration and expiration?

A

Bronchial

128
Q

Which is heard primarily during inspiration?

A

Vesicular

129
Q

Where did you best hear the vesicular respiratory sounds?

A

Hear over most of the lung area

130
Q

Why does hyperventilation produce apnea or a reduced respiratory rate?

A

Hyperventilation washes CO2 out of the blood. Since

CO2 is the major chemical stimulus for inspiration, the desire or drive to breathe is decreased.

131
Q

Why does rebreathing breathed air produce an increased respiratory rate?

A

CO2 (exhaled) accumulates in the bag; this stimulates increased force/rate of respiration

132
Q

Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood located?

A

Aortic bodies in the aortic arch and

carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

133
Q

What is the primary factor that initiates breathing in a newborn infant?

A

↑ levels of CO2 in the blood.

Respiratory system (4 decks)

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