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Pathology Block 11 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system components

A

Conducting portion and respiratory portion

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2
Q

Nasal cavity, nasopharyngeal, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

A

Conducting portion

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3
Q

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

A

Respiratory portion of the resp system

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4
Q

Difficulty breathing

A

Dyspnea

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5
Q

Coughing up blood tinges sputum

A

Hemoptysis

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6
Q

Airway conduction is compromised (bronchitis, asthma)

A

Obstructive

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7
Q

Lung expansion is compromised (fibrosis)

A

Restrictive

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8
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses

A

Sinusitis

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9
Q

In adults, sinusitis most often occurs in what sinus

A

Maxillary

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10
Q

In children, sinusitis most likely effects which sinus

A

Ethmoid

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11
Q

Causes of sinusitis

A

URI-viral, bacterial
Deviated nasal septum
Smoking

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12
Q

Pathogen associated with sinusitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Eye connection to sinusitis

A

Infection may cross the thin bone wall and spread to the orbit (cellulitis)

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14
Q

Clinical findings of sinusitis

A

Pain over the affected sinuses
Nasal congestion
Fever maybe
Post nasal drip causing cough

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15
Q

Dx of sinusitis

A 
X-rays 
CT scans (rarely done)
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16
Q

Inflammation of the larynx

A

Laryngitis

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17
Q

Symptoms of laryngitis

A

Viral or bacterial
Coarse voice, fever
Usually heals within days

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18
Q

Two types of laryngitis

A

Croup: barking cough in children, caused bu parainfluenza virus

Dyptheria: suffocation and death

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19
Q

Barking cough

A

Croup, laryngitis

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20
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Strep throat-pain, adenopathy, NO cough!!

-rapid strep test

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21
Q

Inflammation of the trachea and the bronchi

A

Tracheitis and bronchitis

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22
Q

Why is important to detect strep throat

A

Can cause heart problems

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23
Q

Inflammation of the lungs

A

Pneumonia

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24
Q

Community acquired pneumonia

A

Typical and atypical

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25
Q

Classifications of pneumonia

A

Communit acquired

Nosocomial

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26
Q

Majority of pneumonia are caused by

A

Bacterial pathogens, STREPTOCOCCUS PENUMONIAE

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27
Q

Pathogfneisis of pneumonia

A

From pharynx or blood (rare)

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28
Q

Begins as acute bronchitis and spreads locally to the lungs, lower lobes or right middle lobe are usually involved

A

Bronchopneumonia

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29
Q

Complete or almost complete consolidation of a lobe of lung, complications, lung abscess, empyema (Pus), sepsis

A

Lobar pneumonia

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30
Q

Clinical findings in pneumonia

A

Sudden onset of high fever with productive cough
Chest pain
Tachycardia

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31
Q

Dx of pneumonia

A

Chest radiograph

-patchy infiltrates (brocnchopneumonia) or lobar consolidation

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32
Q

Lab findings of poneumonia

A

Positive gram stain of sputum or bone hail lovage
Stain more useful than culture
Neutrophilic leukocytes is
Blood cultures positive in 20%

33
Q

Type of pneumonia to affect young people that is more mild

A

Atypical community acquired pneumonia

34
Q

Caused by mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Atypical community acquired pneumonia

35
Q

Patchy interstitial pneumonia

A

Atypical community acquired pneumonia

36
Q

Clinical findings of atypical community acquired pneumonia

A 
Insidious onset 
Nonproductive cough 
Chest pain
Flu like 
Walking pneumonia
37
Q

Contracted by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis

38
Q

Characteristics of mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Strict aerobe
Can be stained with acid-fast dye
Cord factor is virulence factor

39
Q

Screening for TB

A
  • purified protein derivative (PPD)

- does not distinguish active from inactive disease

40
Q

Measuring TB

A

Measure the papule, not the redness around it

41
Q

Primary TB

A
  • Initial contamination of lungs
  • small nodule develops
  • close to pleura
  • hilarious lymph nodes affected (Ghon complex)
  • usually resolves
  • some bacteria can remain and reinfect with weakened immune system
42
Q

Secondary TB

A

Due to reactivation of a previous primary TB site or activation of silent state

  • invokes one or both apices in upper lobes
  • cavitation lesion
43
Q

Clinical findings of TB

A

Fever
Drenching night sweats
Low fever

44
Q

Complications of TB

A

Miliary spread to lungs

45
Q

Dx of TB

A

Bronchoalveolar lavage best for staining and culture

Sputum cultures

46
Q

Intraocular TB

A

Most commonly affects the uveal tract

  • anterior: granulomatous keratic precipitates, iris granuloma, cataract common
  • posterior: most common form. Solitary tubercle, miliary choroidal tubercles, or tuberculoma
47
Q

Tubercles in the eye

A

Appear as ill defines, yellowish white elevates nodules, they vary in size from a pinpoint to several disc diameters in size

48
Q

Dx of intraocular TB

A

Isolation of bacilli from the ocular tissue-difficulty, realrely done

49
Q

Retinal TB

A

Involvement of the retina alone is uncommon, more frequently the retina is involved in the setting of choroidal TB as retinochoroiditis
-causes scarring

50
Q

Commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease causes by the influenza virus

51
Q

Symptoms of influenza

A
  • high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, HA, coughin, and feeling very tired
  • pain with eye movements is very typical
  • symptoms can be mild to severe
52
Q

Antigen drift in influenza

A

Minor mutation, does not require new vaccine

53
Q

Antigen shift in influenza

A

Major mutation, new vaccine required

54
Q

When is flu vaccine mandatory

A

Over the age of 65

55
Q

Progressive, irreversibly obstruction to airflow OUT of the lungs

56
Q

Primary cause of COPD

57
Q

Tow conditions of COPD

A

Emphysema and chronic bronchitis

58
Q

Permanent enlargement of all or part of the respiratory unit

59
Q

Causes of emphysema

A

Smoking

AAT deficiency

60
Q

“Pink puffer”

A

Obstructive emphysema

-they have to use a lot of effort to breath out

61
Q

Blue bloater

A

Chronic bronchitis

  • cyanotic skin
  • O2 saturation of the blood is decreased
62
Q

Increased compliance, decreased elasticity

63
Q

Cigarette smoke and emphysema

A

It is chemotactic to neutrophils and macrophages, neutrophils and macrophages accumulate int he respiratory unit and reals reactive oxygen species and elastase

  • imbalance between elastase and antielastases
  • radial traction is lost
64
Q

Chronic inflammation of bronchial mucosal leafs to hypersecretion of mucus occurs in the Bronchi, obstruction to airflow from mucus plugs, irreversible fibrosis develops in chronically inflamed segmental bronchi

A

Chronic bronchitis

65
Q

Productive cough for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years

A

Chronic bronchitis

66
Q

Loss of epithelium and presence of squamous metaplasia, mucus plugs in lumens, chronic inflamamtion and fibrosis narrowing the lumen

A

Chronic bronchitis

67
Q

Causes of chronic bronchitis

A

Smoking

Cystic fibrosis

68
Q

Findings if chronic bronchitis

A 
Productive cough 
Cyanosis of skin
Barrel chest 
Blue bloaters 
For pulmonae
69
Q

Dx of chronic bronchitis

A

Chest radiograph

70
Q

Episodic and reversible airway disease of bronchi, common in children, majority develop symptoms before 5 years of age

A

Bronchial astham

71
Q

Pathology of bronchial astham

A

Thick bronchial BM

Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia

72
Q

Clinical findings of bronchial asthma

A

Dyspnea and episodic expiratory wheezing,, nocturnal cough

73
Q

Expiratory wheezing

A

Bronchial asthma, sounds when breathing out

74
Q

Nocturnal cough

75
Q

HS type for asthma

76
Q

Initial sensitivity of asthma

A

To an inhales allergen stimulates induction of subset 2 helper T cells that release IL-4 and IL-5

77
Q

IL-4 in asthma

A

Stimulates isotope swithcing to IgE Ab production from B lymphocytes

78
Q

Second exposure in asthma

A

Antigen cross links IgE Ab on mast cells in the lungs

  • release of histamine and other preformed mediators
  • stimulation of bronchoconstriction, mucus production, influx of leukocytes

Pathology Block 11 (8 decks)

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