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ESA 1 Body Logistics (BG) > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What two membranes are present in the respiratory system?

A

A Mucous membrane which lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract.

Serous membranes which line the pleural sacs which envelope each lung

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2
Q

What are the names of the two pleural layers surrounding the lungs?

A

Visceral (nearer to lungs) and Parietal (further from lungs)

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3
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal layers

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4
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the space between the layers

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5
Q

What is a haemothorax?

A

Blood in the space between the two pleural layers

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6
Q

What is an empyema?

A

Pus in the space between the two pleural layers

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7
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

A watery transudate or exudate in the pleural space

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8
Q

Where is a needle usually inserted to drain fluid from the pleural cavity?

A

The 7th intercostal space posteriorly

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9
Q

What can cancer in the apex of the lung lead to?

A

Impingement on the brachial plexus causing wasting of the muscles of the lower arm

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10
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

Caused by impingement on nerves in the sympathetic trunk

A

Miosis (constricted pupil)

Ptosis (weak, droopy upper eyelid)

Apparent anhidrosis (localised decreased swelling)

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11
Q

What can impingement on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

A

A hoarse voice

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12
Q

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

The nasal cavity to bronchioles

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary + secondary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

The respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Alveolar ducts

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14
Q

What lines the airways from the nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells

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15
Q

What lines the terminal bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with cilia and Clara cells.

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16
Q

What lines the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells and sparse cilia

17
Q

What lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous and septal cells

18
Q

What are the two regions of the nasal cavities?

A

Non-olfactory regions and Olfactory regions

19
Q

Structural characteristics of the Olfactory region:

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

No mucus secreting goblet cells

Cilia non-motile

Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)

The lamina propria blends with submucosa containing bowmans glands

20
Q

What are the ventricular folds of the larynx lined by?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium containing mucous glands and lymph nodes.

21
Q

What makes up each vocal cord?

A

A vocal ligament (large bundle of elastic fibres)

A vocalis muscle (bundle of skeletal muscle)

22
Q

What shape is the cartilage in the trachea?

A

C shaped

23
Q

What shape are the cartilage rings in the primary bronchi?

A

Circular

24
Q

What appears histologically in COPD?

A

Goblet cell hyperplasia

Smaller proportion of ciliates cells

Hypertrophy of submucous glands

(More mucus and fewer cilia)

25
Q

What occurs in cystic fibrosis?

A

The CFTR ion channel is not present in the apical membranes of epithelial cells.

Chloride ion transport across the membrane is compromised.

Water does not leave he resp tract to hydrate the mucus.

Mucus becomes more viscous, infection often happens

26
Q

What prevents bronchiolar walls to stick during expiration?

A

A surfactant lipoprotein secreted by Clara cells

27
Q

Alveoli can open into:

A

A respiratory bronchiole

An alveolar duct

An alveolar sac

Another alveolus (via an alveolar pore)

28
Q

Characteristics of alveolar walls:

A

Have abundant capillaries

Are supported by a basketwork of elastic and reticular fibres

Have a covering composed chiefly of type I pneumocytes

Have a scattering of intervening type II pneumocytes

29
Q

What cells cover most of the surface area of alveoli?

A

Squamous cells (90%)

Other 10% is cuboidal surfactant secreting

30
Q

Characteristics of emphysema:

A

Destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of air spaces.

Bronchioles collapse making it difficult for lungs to empty.

Air becomes trapped in the alveoli.

Purses lipped breathing is a hallmark

31
Q

Characteristics of pneumonia:

A

Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria.

The lung consolidates as the alveoli fill with inflammatory cells.

Most common is streptococcus pneumoniae

ESA 1 Body Logistics (BG) (11 decks)

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