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ESA 1 Body Logistics (BG) > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Myalgia means

A

Muscle pain

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2
Q

Myasthenia means

A

Weakness of the muscle

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3
Q

Myocardium is

A

The muscular component of the heart

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4
Q

Myopathy is

A

Any disease of the muscles

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5
Q

Myoclonus is

A

A sudden spasm of the muscles

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6
Q

Red skeletal muscle fibres are:

A
  • Smaller
  • Richly vascularised
  • Contraction is slow, repetitive and weaker
  • Fatigue slowly
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7
Q

White skeletal muscle fibres are:

A
  • Larger
  • Poorly vascularised
  • Low in mitochondria
  • Faster and stronger
  • Fatigue rapidly
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8
Q

Intermediate muscle fibres:

A

Are in between on all characteristics

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9
Q

Myoglobin is present in which types of muscle?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

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10
Q

A muscle fibre is:

A

A striated muscle cell

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11
Q

When destruction of muscle > replacement this is called:

A

Atrophy

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12
Q

When replacement < destruction this is called

A

Hypertrophy

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle is composed of…

A

Fascicles composed of

Muscle fibres composed of

Myofibrils composed of

Myofilaments (actin and myosin)

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14
Q

What forms the thin filaments of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Actin, tropomyosin and troponin

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15
Q

Why are troponin assays a useful diagnostic tool?

A

Troponin used as a marker for cardiac ischaemia

Released from ischaemic cardiac muscle within an hour

Must measure within 20 hours

Used by emergency units as the assay of choice

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16
Q

What is Creatine Kinase?

A

Is an important enzyme in metabolically active tissues like muscle

Can be used to diagnose heart attacks

Enzyme increase is largely largely proportional to infarct size

17
Q

Sequence of events in sliding of thin filaments during contraction:

A

1) Myosin cross bridge attaches to actin myofilament
2) The myosin head pivots and bends and slides the actin filament toward the M line (ADP and P released)
3) New ATP attaches to the myosin head, cross bridge detaches
4) As ATP is split into ADP and P, cocking of the myosin head occurs

18
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Small terminal swellings of the axon containing acetylcholine

19
Q

Striated muscle appears as:

A

A dark A band and a lighter I band.

There is more detail - Z, M, H

20
Q

Cardiac muscle appears as:

A

Striated, central nuclei, intercalating discs, branching

21
Q

What is ANP?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

28 amino acid peptide synthesised, stored and released by atrial monocytes.

Stimulated by hypervolemic states (elevated blood volume)

22
Q

What is BNP?

A

Brain-type natriuretic peptide

32 amino acid peptide synthesised largely by the ventricles and the brain.

Pro-BNP (108aa)
N terminal pro BNP (76aa)

BNP and NT-pro-BNP are markers for heart failure

23
Q

What do natriuretic peptides do?

A

They serve as a counter-regulatory system for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

24
Q

Structural characteristics of Purkinje fibres:

A

Abundant glycogen

Sparse myofilaments

Extensive gap junction sites

25
Q

Structural characteristics of smooth muscle:

A
  • Cells are spindle shaped
  • Central nucleus
  • Non striated
26
Q

Where is smooth muscle typically found?

A

Walls of passageways or cavities

27
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

Stellate cells forming a basketwork around the secretory units of some exocrine glands

28
Q

What are myofibroblasts?

A

Produce collagenous matrix but also contract (abundant acts and myosin)

29
Q

How are the thin and thick filaments arranged within the cell?

A

Diagonally

30
Q

Can skeletal muscle cells divide?

A

No. But they can regenerate by mitotic activity of satellite cells.

31
Q

Is cardiac muscle capable of regeneration?

A

No. Following damage, fibroblasts lay down scar tissue.

32
Q

Can smooth muscle cells divide?

A

Yes. They retain their mitotic activity and can form new cells.

ESA 1 Body Logistics (BG) (11 decks)

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