Respiratory: System Flashcards
Inspired Air components:
Nitrogen= % Oxygen= %
Inert gases= %
Carbon Dioxide= % Water vapour= %
Inspired Air components are
Expired Air components:
Nitrogen= % Oxygen= %
Inert gases= %
Carbon Dioxide= % Water vapour= %
Expired Air components are
Name the 4 sinuses in your skull
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinus
How many Tonsils do we have?
What is their function?
There are 5 tonsils
Participate in immune responses against foreign substances inhaled or digested.
What are the 3 functions of the nose?
Filter the air
Warm the air
Humidify the air
What are the 3 functions of the pharynx?
Acts as a passageway for air & food
Is a resonating chamber for speech sounds
Houses the tonsils which participate in immunological reactions against foreign bodies.
What are the normal resp rates for an
Adult
Child
Adult: 10-30
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What are the 5 functions of the larynx
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Where does the larynx extend from and to?
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What cartilages is the larynx made of?
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Where does the larynx lye?
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What is the most prominent part of the larynx?
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What is the epiglottis made of?
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What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?
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How many vocal folds are there?
What are they called?
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What are vocal chords lined with?
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Label a diagram of the larynx
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Label the diagram of a pharynx
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What shaped cartilage is the trachea?
How many of these shaped rings are there?
C
16-20
How long is the trachea?
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What are the 3 layers of trachea composed of?
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Where does the trachea terminate and at what level?
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Describe the respiratory systems 4 specific functions.
VEEM
Where does the trachea lead after it terminates?
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What are the 4 functions of the Trachea?
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Describe the Bronchial tree
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What is the difference between the right primary bronchus and the left?
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Describe 5 structural changes that take place as branching becomes more extensive in the bronchial tree.
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What small tubes do the bronchi David into when they pass into the lungs?
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What are the alveoli covered in?
Very small blood vessels called capillaries
Where does gaseous exchange take place?
Alveoli
The capillary wall (where gas exchange takes place) is called…
Endothelium
What shape are the lungs?
Cone shaped
Where are the lungs situated?
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How many lobes do the lungs have?
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Where is the Hilum?
Where the blood vessels and nerves enter the lung.
What are the two layers that line the lungs and interior of the thoracic cavity called?
The pleura
What is the outside layer of the pleura called?
The layer that lines the thoracic cavity
Parietal pleura
What is the layer of the pleura called which covers the lung? (Inside layer)
Visceral pleura
What is the space between the pleura called?
Pleural space
What is the visceral pleura?
Firmly attached to the surface of the lungs composed of a deep layer of serous membrane
What is the parietal pleura?
Outer layer of serous pleural membrane that encloses & protects each lung lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.
What function does the pleural membrane have?
Encloses and protects each lung
Stops the lung collapsing when we breath.
What does the serous fluid do?
Reduces friction between the membrane allowing them to slide easily over one and other during breathing?
Define external respiration
Relaxation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles together with elastic recoil of lungs.
Oxygen from inhaled air is absorbed via the capillaries of the lungs. Carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the lungs and exhaled.
Define internal respiration
Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
Blood and the circulatory system carried oxygen to the body cells where it is given off for use. Carbon dioxide from the cells is absorbed by the blood and carried to the lungs.
Describe pulmonary circulation
… Pg 7 9.1 green book
Which artery (only artery) carries de-oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary Artery
Normal arteries go away from the heart carrying oxygenated blood
Describe systematic circulation
Oxygenated red blood from the left side of the heart, round the body to the right side of the heart - now blue pg7 sect 9.1 green book
Define bronchial circulation
The lungs own blood supply, keeps the lung tissue alive.
Describe the mechanism of ventilation
Gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveolus.
Pressure inside the alveoli vs atmosphere is changed by changes in the size of the lung
During inspiration air pressure is less than atmospheric so air is drawn into the lungs
During expiration pressure within the lung rises to above atmosphere so the flow of air is from the lung to the atmosphere.
What is the main muscle of respiration and what % of the work does it do?
The diaphragm 75%
What two main factors enlarge the chest cavity?
Flattening downward movement of the diaphragm
Upward and outward movement of the ribs, caused by the action of the intercostal muscles.
What do the ‘C’ shaped rings of cartilage do?
Support the trachea
Provide patience
What is the purpose of smooth muscle?
Involuntary control (autonomic)
Enables contraction
What controls the diaphragm?
What does it tell it to do?
The phrenic nerve.
It contracts and flattens.
(Active action)
What controls the intercostal muscles?
What does it tell the muscle to do?
Intercostal nerves
Tells the rib cage to go up and out like a bucket handle.
(Active action)
Is exhalation active or passive?
Why?
Passive.
Because the diaphragm and rib cage is recoiling - no use of energy
Describe the diaphragmatic movement.
In the diaphragms relaxed for it is dome shaped.
When it contracts it flattens and thereby the size of the thoracic cavity is increased and causes pressure to fall.
What does sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic stimulation cause?
What are these divisions of?
sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation
and
parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction
What is tidal volume?
In normal quiet breathing approximately 500ml of air is exchanged with each breath.
What is anatomical dead space?
About 150mls of air remains in air passages and is not available for exchange.
What is minute volume?
Tidal volume X breathing rate per minute
E.g 500mls X 15bpm = 7.5L
What is the normal heart rate (bpm) for
Adults
Children
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Describe and explain Partial Pressures.
Partial pressure depends on air flow in and out of the lungs.
Gas transfer moves along the gradient from an area where partial pressure is higher to where it is lower.
The pressure exerted by a gas in a container regardless of any other gases.
When air is in contact with alveolar surface there is diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into the blood.
Define diffusion with reference to gaseous exchange.
The net movement of solutes across a semi permeable membrane down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Describe the respiratory cycle relating to nerves pCO2 and pO2.
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Describe Hypoxic drive and how we deal with it.
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Where does the Trachea terminate?
The Carina
What is the diaphragm
A sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity.
What initiates inspiration?
The phrenic nerve
Where does the phrenic nerve originate?
The cervical spine c3,4 & 5, (keeps the diaphragm alive)
Where is the pleural cavity?
What does it do?
The space between the parietal and visceral pleura which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid (serous fluid) which reduces friction between the membranes allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing.
Draw and label a basic diagram of the respiratory system.
Photo
What are the two circulations of blood supply?
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
Define airway resistance
Walls of the airway contain smooth muscle (autonomic control)
Sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation.
Parasympathetic stimulation causes bronchoconstriction.
Contraction of smooth muscle increases airway resistance by narrowing diameter of bronchial tree.
In bronchoconstriction more effort is required to inflate lungs.
Draw a diagram showing the lung volumes and capacities. Label accordingly.
Photo
Define Diffusion
The net movement of solutes across a semi permeable membrane down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Photo
What results from impaired ventilation.
Partial pressures in alveoli depend on air flow in and out of lungs.
With impaired ventilation diffusion gradient is reduced.
If the surface area is reduced (emphysema) exchange is impaired.
Where membranes are thickened or swollen or air cells contain excess fluid, gaseous exchange is reduced.
What is Daltons Law?
Each has in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if other gases were not present.
What is PaN
Partial arterial pressure of Nitrogen
What is PaCO2?
Partial arterial pressure of Carbon Dioxide
What is PaO2?
Partial arterial pressure of Oxygen
What is Boyles Law?
The pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container, provided the temperature is constant.
What is Charles Law?
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What is Henry’s law
I…
What is the function of chemo receptors?
In the respiratory centre and in arterial walls central chemo receptors respond to alterations in acidity and partial pressure of CO2 in blood and CSF.
Where are the peripheral receptors found?
In the arch of the aorta and bifurcation of common carotids on each side.
What is acute pneumonia?
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