Respiratory System Flashcards
What is epistaxis?
Bloody nasal discharge
What is equine ethmoid haematoma?
Ethmoid hematoma is a progressive and locally destructive disease of horses. It is indicated by a mass in the paranasal sinuses that resembles a tumor, but is not neoplastic by any means. The origins and causes of the ethmoid hematoma are generally unknown.
What is catarrhal?
Create a thick discharge resulting from inflammation of a mucus membrane
What are nasal polyps?
Nasal polyps are pedunculated growths that arise from the mucosa of the nasal cavity, nasal septum, or tooth alveolus. Polyps are usually unilateral and single but can be bilateral and multiple. They form in response to chronic inflammation by hypertrophy of the mucous membrane or exuberant proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
What is brochiectasis?
- Abnormal widening of the bronchi or their branches, causing a risk of infection
- Permanent dilation of the brochi as a result of exudate in the lumen
- Partial rupture of bronchial walls
- Usually secondary to chronic bronchitis
- Results in irregular nodular formations of the lung
Where are clara cells located? How can they contribute to pathology of disease?
- Located in the bronchioles which are highly susceptible to injury and free-radical damage
- Contain oxidase that can locally generate metabolites can cause epithelial damage
Describe the different types of atelectasis.
- Obstructive
- Due to exudate, parasite, tumour
- Compressive
- Due to space-occupying lesions
- Massive
- Disturbance of pressure due to pneumothorax ( abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that causes an uncoupling of the lung from the chest wall)
- Recumbency (hypostatic)
- Defective surfactant production
What is bronchiolitis obliterans?
Infiltration by fibroblasts when exudate cannot be cleared in the lungs and development of organized polyp-like masses within the bronchiolar lumen
What is the typical lesion pattern of aerogenous bronchopneumonia?
Cranioventral pattern on the lungs
What is characteristic of bronchointerstitial pneumonia? Decribe the lesion.
- Hybrid of bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia
- Often caused by viruses damaging both airways and epithelial cells
- Cranioventral lung lesion
Describe type I and type II pneumocytes.
Type I pneumocytes are involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood
Type II pneumocytes secrete pulmonary surfactant, which decreases the surface tension within the alveoli. They are also capable of cellular division, giving rise to more type I alveolar cells when the lung tissue is damaged. These cells are granular and roughly cuboidal. Type II alveolar cells are typically found at the blood-air barrier.
Give some evidence of Paraquat poisoning.
- Causes acute and chronic lesions in the lungs
- There is evidence of extra-pulmonary lesions in the adrenal zona glomerulosa and the renal tubular epithelium
Describe the lifecycle of Dictyocaulus viviparus.
Cattle grazing then ingest the L3 larvae. These larvae go through the intestinal system and penetrate the intestinal wall. They use the lymphatic system to reach the mesenteric lymph nodes, where they mature once again into L4 stage larvae. The L4 larvae use the blood supply and the lymphatic system to reach the lungs, where they become adults.
What are hydatid cysts?
- Intermediate stage of Echinococcus granulosus which can be found in the lungs
- Little clinical significance
- Important as a zoonosis and carcass condemnation
- Gross pathology: discrete, well-demarcated cysts
What is type I Hypersensitivity? Describe its progression from insult.
- Hypersensitivity mediated by IgE antibodies to protect against helminth parasites which cannot be ingested by phagocytes
- Immediate phase reaction (within 20 minutes of insult)
- Vascular dilation
- Vascular permeability changes
- Contraction of smooth muscle
- Mediators
- Histamine
- Late phase reaction (within 2-8 hours of insult)
- Vascular dilation
- Vascular permeability changes
- Contraction of smooth muscle
- Mediators
- Leukotrienes
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
Describe the condition seen here:
- Exogenous lipid pneumonia
- Associated with the inhalation of oil and paraffin
- Large droplets of lipoid material in alveolar and interstitial macrophages are characteristic. Fibrosis and a granulomatous response typically occur.
