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Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

conducting portion

A

deliver air to lungs

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2
Q

respiratory portion

A

structures within lungs where oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood

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3
Q

conducting portion of respiratory system consists of

A

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

conducting portion of respiratory system (function)

A

warms, moistens, and filters the air

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5
Q

nasal cavity consists of

A

vestibule, olfactory segment, and respiratory segment

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6
Q

nares are simply

A

nostril openings

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7
Q

vestibule

A

1st internal nasal cavity– lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

vestibule contains vibrissae (short hairs) to

A

filter out large particles

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9
Q

olfactory epithelium is located

A

in roof of nasal cavity on sides of the nasal septum and on the superior nasal conchae

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10
Q

in olfactory, pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains

A

olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells and basal cells

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11
Q

lamina propria has many

A

veins and unmyelinated nerves and Bowman’s glands

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12
Q

in humans olfactory epithelium…

A

is a very small region

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13
Q

olfactory cells

A

bipolar nerve cells. 30-60 day lifespan. bulbous apical projection (olfactory vesicle) with modified cilia

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14
Q

very long, nonmotile cilia– extend over the olfactory epithelium surface

A

olfactory cilia

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15
Q

the proximal 1/3 of olfactory cilia contains the ________________ pattern, but the distal 2/3 has ______________________

A

the proximal 1/3 of olfactory cilia contains the 9 doublet + 2 microtubule pattern, but the distal 2/3 has 9 peripheral singlet microtubules around a central pair

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16
Q

olfactory cilia function as what type of receptors?

A

odor receptors

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17
Q

physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells

A

supporting (sustentacular) cells

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18
Q

supporting (sustentacular) cells have apically located nuclei with many ________ and a prominent __________ ____

A

microvilli and a prominent terminal web

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19
Q

Basal cells are in contact with _______ ______ and do not ____ ___ ______

A

basal lamina

extend to surface

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20
Q

Regenerative (stem) cell for other cells in olfactory epithelium

A

Basal cells

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21
Q

produce thin, watery secretion released onto the olfactory epithelium via ducts

A

Bowman’s glands

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22
Q

odorous substances dissolved in secretions are detected by

A

olfactory cilia

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23
Q

what occurs after odorous substances in secretions are detected by olfactory cilia

A

secretions flush surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli

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24
Q

posterior continuation of the nasal cavities

A

nasopharynx

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25
Q

at the the level of the soft plate the nasopharynx becomes the

A

oropharynx

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26
Q

what is the nasopharynx lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium

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27
Q

Connects the pharynx with the trachea

A

larynx

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28
Q

name two types of cartilage that support the wall of the larynx

A

hyaline cartilages(thyroid, cricoid, and lower part of arytenoids) and elastic cartilages (epiglottis, corniculate, and tips of arytenoids)

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29
Q

Vocal cords consist of

A

skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament (band of elastic fibers), and a covering of stratified squamous (nonkeratinized)

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30
Q

vestibular folds anatomical relation to vocal cords

A

vestibular folds lie superior to vocal cords

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31
Q

folds of loose connective tissue containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, and fat cells

A

Vestibular folds

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32
Q

the walls of this structure are supported by C shaped hyaline cartilages

A

trachea

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33
Q

In the trachea, smooth muscle extends between

A

the open ends of the C shaped hyaline cartilages

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34
Q

the open ends of the C-shaped hyaline cartilages of the trachea face

A

posteriorly

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35
Q

During inhalation dense fibroelastic connective tissue between adjacent C-rings permits

A

trachea elongation

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36
Q

Tracheal epithelium contains what

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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37
Q

columnar cell in tracheal epithelium with blunt microvilli on surface

A

brush cell

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38
Q

the basal portion of a brush cell may be in contact with afferent nerve ending and function as

A

receptor cell

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39
Q

Basal cell

A

reserve stem cell for epithelium

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40
Q

small granule cells are members of the

A

diffuse endocrine system (aka bronchial cells of Kulchitsky)

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41
Q

small granule cells contain

A

dense granules — catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones

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42
Q

How many primary bronchi are in the human body?

A

2 primary bronchi – one for each lung

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43
Q

right primary bronchus path in comparison to left

A

right primary bronchus path is more vertical than left. Foreign objects that reach the bronchi are likely to lodge in the right side.

44
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchi arise from

A

subdivisions of primary bronchi

45
Q

In the walls of bronchi you will find

A

irregular cartilage plates

46
Q

how many layers do bronchi contain

A

5 layers

47
Q

what are the 5 layers of bronchi

A 
mucosa
muscularis (smooth muscle layer)
submucosa
cartilage layer
adventitia
48
Q

primary bronchioles lack ______ in submucosa

A

glands

49
Q

primary bronchiole walls have ______________ rather than cartilage plates

A

smooth muscle

50
Q

primary bronchioles have a diameter of

A

1mm or less

51
Q

epithelium of primary bronchioles in the larger airways have _________ with ________ cells

A

epithelium in primary bronchioles in the larger airways have ciliated columnar with goblet cells

52
Q

epithelia of primary bronchioles in the smaller airways have ___________ with _______ cells

A

epithelia of primary bronchioles in the smaller airways have ciliated columnar with Clara cells

53
Q

after primary bronchioles enter the pulmonary lobules they divide to form

A

several terminal bronchioles

54
Q

walls of terminal bronchioles contain smooth muscle and no

A

cartilage plates

55
Q

The most distal part of conducting portion of respiratory system

A

Terminal bronchioles

56
Q

diameter of terminal bronchioles

A

less than 0.5mm

57
Q

terminal bronchioles are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and contain mostly ______ cells and no _____ cells

A

terminal bronchioles are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and contain mostly Clara cells and no goblet cells

58
Q

cells that usually have a dome-shaped apical surface with no cilia (and these cells can divide)

A

Clara cells

59
Q

Clara cells secrete _______________ to protect bronchiolar lining

A

glycosaminoglycans

60
Q

Clara cells metabolize

A

airborne toxins

61
Q

Respiratory portion of airway

A

structures within the lungs where oxygen in the air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood

62
Q

Respiratory bronchioles begin the transition to

A

the respiratory portion of the lung

63
Q

respiratory bronchial walls are interrupted by

A

alveoli

64
Q

Respiratory bronchioles have a simple cuboidal lining with

A

clara cells distally and some ciliated cells proximally

65
Q

Alveolar ducts are the most distal portion of the respiratory system to contain

A

smooth muscle

66
Q

smooth muscle of alveolar ducts are present in the walls at the openings of

A

adjacent alveoli

67
Q

alveolar ducts are lined by simple squamous epithelium consisting of

A

type I and type II pneumocytes

68
Q

outpouching of numerous alveoli located at the distal end of the alveolar duct

A

alveolar sacs

69
Q

alveoli are separated from each other by

A

interalveolar septa

70
Q

interalveolar septa may contain 1 or more ___________ for

A

alveolar pores for pressure equalization between alveoli

71
Q

alveoli have _______ at openings and many ___________ in the walls

A

alveoli have elastic fibers at openings and many reticular fibers in the walls

72
Q

site of O2 and CO2 diffusion between the air and blood

A

Alveoli

73
Q

where are alveoli located

A

respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

74
Q

these cover 95% of the alveolar surface

A

Type 1 pneumocytes

75
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes and Type II pneumocytes form tight junctions with

A

adjacent cells

76
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes are not able to

A

divide

77
Q

Some other names for type II pneumocytes

A

type II alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, granular pneumocytes, and septal cells

78
Q

type II pneumocytes have… (Cell characteristics)

A

apical cytoplasm and short microvilli

79
Q

type II pneumocytes can divide and regenerate

A

both types of alveolar pneumocytes

80
Q

What is the name of the storage inclusion for pulmonary surfactant found in type II pneumocytes?

A

cytoplasmic lamellar bodies

81
Q

partition between two adjacent alveoli

A

interalveolar septum

82
Q

pulmonary surfactant consists of how many different proteins and one ___________

A

4 proteins and one phospholipid

83
Q

in its central (interior) region inter alveolar septum contain

A

continuous capillaries

84
Q

In normal conditions, 70-85% of cells in the airways are

A

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

85
Q

lung macrophages (dust cells)

A

clean up debris, bacteria, etc

86
Q

macrophages are found in the airways and also found in

A

interstitial septal connective tissue and can move from septa to alveoli and back

87
Q

inflammatory conditions will result in an increase in number and activation of

A

macrophages

88
Q

Observed in premature infants– lack adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant (made by type II cells after 35th week of gestation)

A

Hyaline Membrane disease

89
Q

Hyaline membrane disease can be treated if detected before birth with

A

glucocorticoids to induce surfactant synthesis

90
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline Membrane disease) is characterized by

A

labored breathing due to difficulty expanding the alveoli– because of high alveolar surface tension

91
Q

Destruction of respiratory bronchioles in smokers

A

emphysema

92
Q

α1-antitrypsin is a protein that

A

protects lungs from elastase produced by neutrophils

93
Q

emphysema is associated with cigarette smoking and/or substances that inhibit

A

α1-antitrypsin

94
Q

hereditary emphysema can result from defective α1-antitrypsin produced by

A

liver

95
Q

decreased lung elasticity

A

lungs can’t recoil adequately during expiration

96
Q

In emphysema when lungs eventually expand and enlarge the thoracic cavity its called

A

“barrel chest”

97
Q

with emphysema, formation of cyst like sacs reduce

A

gas exchange surface area

98
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli

99
Q

fluid in pleural cavity is called

A

hydrothorax

100
Q

air in pleural cavity is called

A

pneumothorax

101
Q

visceral layer of pleura consists of thin mesothelial layer attached to

A

lung (this layer seals the lung)

102
Q

parietal pleura lines the

A

lung cavity

103
Q

name two disorders of the pleura

A

hydrothorax and pneumothorax

104
Q

constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle results in

A

asthma

105
Q

Asthma is associated with

A

difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways and inflammatory cell infiltration

106
Q

How is asthma treated

A

Asthma is treated with epinephrine and isoproterenol or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants

107
Q

In cystic fibrosis, defective CFTR ion channel prevents

A

chloride movement out of the cell

Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim (6 decks)

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