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Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

conducting portion

A

deliver air to lungs

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2
Q

respiratory portion

A

structures within lungs where oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood

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3
Q

conducting portion of respiratory system consists of

A

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

conducting portion of respiratory system (function)

A

warms, moistens, and filters the air

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5
Q

nasal cavity consists of

A

vestibule, olfactory segment, and respiratory segment

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6
Q

nares are simply

A

nostril openings

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7
Q

vestibule

A

1st internal nasal cavity– lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

vestibule contains vibrissae (short hairs) to

A

filter out large particles

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9
Q

olfactory epithelium is located

A

in roof of nasal cavity on sides of the nasal septum and on the superior nasal conchae

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10
Q

in olfactory, pseudostratified columnar epithelium contains

A

olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells and basal cells

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11
Q

lamina propria has many

A

veins and unmyelinated nerves and Bowman’s glands

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12
Q

in humans olfactory epithelium…

A

is a very small region

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13
Q

olfactory cells

A

bipolar nerve cells. 30-60 day lifespan. bulbous apical projection (olfactory vesicle) with modified cilia

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14
Q

very long, nonmotile cilia– extend over the olfactory epithelium surface

A

olfactory cilia

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15
Q

the proximal 1/3 of olfactory cilia contains the ________________ pattern, but the distal 2/3 has ______________________

A

the proximal 1/3 of olfactory cilia contains the 9 doublet + 2 microtubule pattern, but the distal 2/3 has 9 peripheral singlet microtubules around a central pair

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16
Q

olfactory cilia function as what type of receptors?

A

odor receptors

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17
Q

physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells

A

supporting (sustentacular) cells

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18
Q

supporting (sustentacular) cells have apically located nuclei with many ________ and a prominent __________ ____

A

microvilli and a prominent terminal web

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19
Q

Basal cells are in contact with _______ ______ and do not ____ ___ ______

A

basal lamina

extend to surface

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20
Q

Regenerative (stem) cell for other cells in olfactory epithelium

A

Basal cells

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21
Q

produce thin, watery secretion released onto the olfactory epithelium via ducts

A

Bowman’s glands

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22
Q

odorous substances dissolved in secretions are detected by

A

olfactory cilia

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23
Q

what occurs after odorous substances in secretions are detected by olfactory cilia

A

secretions flush surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli

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24
Q

posterior continuation of the nasal cavities

A

nasopharynx

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25
at the the level of the soft plate the nasopharynx becomes the
oropharynx
26
what is the nasopharynx lined by?
respiratory epithelium
27
Connects the pharynx with the trachea
larynx
28
name two types of cartilage that support the wall of the larynx
hyaline cartilages(thyroid, cricoid, and lower part of arytenoids) and elastic cartilages (epiglottis, corniculate, and tips of arytenoids)
29
Vocal cords consist of
skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament (band of elastic fibers), and a covering of stratified squamous (nonkeratinized)
30
vestibular folds anatomical relation to vocal cords
vestibular folds lie superior to vocal cords
31
folds of loose connective tissue containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, and fat cells
Vestibular folds
32
the walls of this structure are supported by C shaped hyaline cartilages
trachea
33
In the trachea, smooth muscle extends between
the open ends of the C shaped hyaline cartilages
34
the open ends of the C-shaped hyaline cartilages of the trachea face
posteriorly
35
During inhalation dense fibroelastic connective tissue between adjacent C-rings permits
trachea elongation
36
Tracheal epithelium contains what
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
37
columnar cell in tracheal epithelium with blunt microvilli on surface
brush cell
38
the basal portion of a brush cell may be in contact with afferent nerve ending and function as
receptor cell
39
Basal cell
reserve stem cell for epithelium
40
small granule cells are members of the
diffuse endocrine system (aka bronchial cells of Kulchitsky)
41
small granule cells contain
dense granules --- catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones
42
How many primary bronchi are in the human body?
2 primary bronchi -- one for each lung
43
right primary bronchus path in comparison to left
right primary bronchus path is more vertical than left. Foreign objects that reach the bronchi are likely to lodge in the right side.
44
Intrapulmonary bronchi arise from
subdivisions of primary bronchi
45
In the walls of bronchi you will find
irregular cartilage plates
46
how many layers do bronchi contain
5 layers
47
what are the 5 layers of bronchi
``` mucosa muscularis (smooth muscle layer) submucosa cartilage layer adventitia ```
48
primary bronchioles lack ______ in submucosa
glands
49
primary bronchiole walls have ______________ rather than cartilage plates
smooth muscle
50
primary bronchioles have a diameter of
1mm or less
51
epithelium of primary bronchioles in the larger airways have _________ with ________ cells
epithelium in primary bronchioles in the larger airways have ciliated columnar with goblet cells
52
epithelia of primary bronchioles in the smaller airways have ___________ with _______ cells
epithelia of primary bronchioles in the smaller airways have ciliated columnar with Clara cells
53
after primary bronchioles enter the pulmonary lobules they divide to form
several terminal bronchioles
54
walls of terminal bronchioles contain smooth muscle and no
cartilage plates
55
The most distal part of conducting portion of respiratory system
Terminal bronchioles
56
diameter of terminal bronchioles
less than 0.5mm
57
terminal bronchioles are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and contain mostly ______ cells and no _____ cells
terminal bronchioles are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium and contain mostly Clara cells and no goblet cells
58
cells that usually have a dome-shaped apical surface with no cilia (and these cells can divide)
Clara cells
59
Clara cells secrete _______________ to protect bronchiolar lining
glycosaminoglycans
60
Clara cells metabolize
airborne toxins
61
Respiratory portion of airway
structures within the lungs where oxygen in the air is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood
62
Respiratory bronchioles begin the transition to
the respiratory portion of the lung
63
respiratory bronchial walls are interrupted by
alveoli
64
Respiratory bronchioles have a simple cuboidal lining with
clara cells distally and some ciliated cells proximally
65
Alveolar ducts are the most distal portion of the respiratory system to contain
smooth muscle
66
smooth muscle of alveolar ducts are present in the walls at the openings of
adjacent alveoli
67
alveolar ducts are lined by simple squamous epithelium consisting of
type I and type II pneumocytes
68
outpouching of numerous alveoli located at the distal end of the alveolar duct
alveolar sacs
69
alveoli are separated from each other by
interalveolar septa
70
interalveolar septa may contain 1 or more ___________ for
alveolar pores for pressure equalization between alveoli
71
alveoli have _______ at openings and many ___________ in the walls
alveoli have elastic fibers at openings and many reticular fibers in the walls
72
site of O2 and CO2 diffusion between the air and blood
Alveoli
73
where are alveoli located
respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
74
these cover 95% of the alveolar surface
Type 1 pneumocytes
75
Type 1 pneumocytes and Type II pneumocytes form tight junctions with
adjacent cells
76
Type 1 pneumocytes are not able to
divide
77
Some other names for type II pneumocytes
type II alveolar cells, great alveolar cells, granular pneumocytes, and septal cells
78
type II pneumocytes have... (Cell characteristics)
apical cytoplasm and short microvilli
79
type II pneumocytes can divide and regenerate
both types of alveolar pneumocytes
80
What is the name of the storage inclusion for pulmonary surfactant found in type II pneumocytes?
cytoplasmic lamellar bodies
81
partition between two adjacent alveoli
interalveolar septum
82
pulmonary surfactant consists of how many different proteins and one ___________
4 proteins and one phospholipid
83
in its central (interior) region inter alveolar septum contain
continuous capillaries
84
In normal conditions, 70-85% of cells in the airways are
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
85
lung macrophages (dust cells)
clean up debris, bacteria, etc
86
macrophages are found in the airways and also found in
interstitial septal connective tissue and can move from septa to alveoli and back
87
inflammatory conditions will result in an increase in number and activation of
macrophages
88
Observed in premature infants-- lack adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant (made by type II cells after 35th week of gestation)
Hyaline Membrane disease
89
Hyaline membrane disease can be treated if detected before birth with
glucocorticoids to induce surfactant synthesis
90
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (Hyaline Membrane disease) is characterized by
labored breathing due to difficulty expanding the alveoli-- because of high alveolar surface tension
91
Destruction of respiratory bronchioles in smokers
emphysema
92
α1-antitrypsin is a protein that
protects lungs from elastase produced by neutrophils
93
emphysema is associated with cigarette smoking and/or substances that inhibit
α1-antitrypsin
94
hereditary emphysema can result from defective α1-antitrypsin produced by
liver
95
decreased lung elasticity
lungs can't recoil adequately during expiration
96
In emphysema when lungs eventually expand and enlarge the thoracic cavity its called
"barrel chest"
97
with emphysema, formation of cyst like sacs reduce
gas exchange surface area
98
Pulmonary edema
fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli
99
fluid in pleural cavity is called
hydrothorax
100
air in pleural cavity is called
pneumothorax
101
visceral layer of pleura consists of thin mesothelial layer attached to
lung (this layer seals the lung)
102
parietal pleura lines the
lung cavity
103
name two disorders of the pleura
hydrothorax and pneumothorax
104
constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle results in
asthma
105
Asthma is associated with
difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways and inflammatory cell infiltration
106
How is asthma treated
Asthma is treated with epinephrine and isoproterenol or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants
107
In cystic fibrosis, defective CFTR ion channel prevents
chloride movement out of the cell

Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim (6 decks)

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