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Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Basic layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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2
Q

Basic functions of integument

A 
Protection
Thermoregulation
Sensory organ
Metabolic
Excretion of excess H20, salt, and nitrogenous metabolic wastes through sweating
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3
Q

Thick skin

A

Palms of hands and soles of feet

No hair follicles

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4
Q

Thin skin

A

skin other than palms and soles

thinner epidermis, hair follicles —with some exception

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5
Q

Keratinocytes produce

A

keratin

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

stratified squamous epithelial cells

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7
Q

Cells accumulate more keratin as they migrate from

A

basal layer

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8
Q

epidermis requires ______ days for cells to mature and desquamate

A

25-50

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9
Q

Protection portion of integument functions

A 
mechanical
thermal
chemical
UV radiation
dehydration
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10
Q

Thermoregulation portion of integument functions

A

vascular network in dermis, sweat glands

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11
Q

Sensory portion of integument

A

touch, temperature, pain

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12
Q

metabolic portion of integument

A

vitamin D3 synthesis in epidermis. Energy storage (fat-triglycerides-hypodermis)

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13
Q

Name the epidermal layers

A 
Stratum basale (germinativum)
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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14
Q

Stratum basale (germinativum) is compose of a

A

single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells

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15
Q

Stratum basale contain numerous

A

intermediate filaments (tonofilaments)

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16
Q

In stratum basale, hemidesmosomes bind cells to

A

basal lamina

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17
Q

In stratum basale, desmosomes on the

A

lateral and upper surface

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18
Q

Within the stratum spinosum layer of epidermis, the cells are

A

cuboidal, polygonal, to slightly flattened

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19
Q

Cell processes of stratum spinosum is filled with

A

intermediate filaments and terminate with desmosomes

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20
Q

(in stratum spinosum), cells accumulate fibrillar protein (cytokeratin)-aggregate to form

A

tonofibrils

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21
Q

________ figures are also present in the stratum spinosum layer

A

“mitotic” figures

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22
Q

This layer is composed of 3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells

A

stratum granulosum

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23
Q

cytoplasm of stratum granulosum has what type of granules

A

basophilic keratohyaline granules

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24
Q

keratinosomes are

A

lamellar granules formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membrane and discharge contents into intracellular spaces of the S. granulosum

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25
Q

(Stratum granulosum) the glycolipid acylglucoceramide serves as a

A

penetration barrier to foreign material and to maintain hydration of the body

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26
Q

Stratum lucidum can only be found in

A

thick skin, but not evident in all thick skin

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27
Q

Stratum lucidum is a thin layer of

A

eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells

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28
Q

Cells of stratum lucidum contain no organelles but do contain_______

A

eleidin (transformation product of keratohyalin)

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29
Q

Stratum corneum

A

15-20 layers of flattened non nucleated cells filled with keratin

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30
Q

Within stratum corneum, dead flattened cells are called

A

squames

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31
Q

How does skin heal?

A

If epidermis is injured, surrounding basal cells migrate and divide to cover the wound.

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32
Q

This vitamin is necessary for proper skin healing because it is needed for keratinocyte differentiation

A

Retinol (Vitamin A)

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33
Q

First degree burns extend to which layer of epidermis

A

1st degree burns extends down to S. lucidum

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34
Q

Second degree burns extent dow to

A

S. basale

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35
Q

3rd degree burns go down into

A

dermis

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36
Q

protein that aggregates keratin filaments

A

Filaggrin

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37
Q

If epidermis is injured….

A

surrounding basal cells migrate and divide to cover the wound

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38
Q

Kerationcyte differentiation

A

Different keratins are expressed as keratinocytes differentiate (from basal layer to s.spinosum to s.granulosum).

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39
Q

In s. granulosum, _________ are secreted to form multilayered lipid layer on the outside of the cell membrane

A

glycolipids

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40
Q

In the s. corneum, a protein complex of_______-_____ ______-____-_____ complex and keratin-filagrin aggregates link to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

A

involucrin-small proline-rich-loricrin complex

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41
Q

(melanocytes) pigment producing cells of S. basal are derived from

A

neural crest

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42
Q

melanocytes

A

pigment producing cells of S. basal derived from neural crest

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43
Q

Lack of cortisol from the adrenal cortex causes

A

overproduction of ACTH—increases skin pigmentation (Addison’s disease)

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44
Q

In albinism, melanocytes do not make

A

melanin

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45
Q

Melanocyte cytoplasm is _____ dense than neighboring keratinocytes

A

Melanocyte cytoplasm is less dense than neighboring keratinocytes

46
Q

What enzyme is needed for melanin synthesis

A

tyrosinase

47
Q

Loss of melanocytes

A

depigmentation (vitiligo)

48
Q

Melanin formation occurs within

A

melanosomes

49
Q

melanosomes are derived from

A

Golgi Apparatus

50
Q

melanocytes rest on basal lamina and send cell processes into the

A

S. spinosum

51
Q

Melanocytes distribute melanin to other cells and hair via processes. What is this process known as

A

Cytocrine secretion

52
Q

In melanocytes, pigment granules are exocytosed and endocytosed by

A

keratinocytes

53
Q

star shaped cells– mainly in S. spinosum, occasionally in dermis near blood vessels

A

Langerhan’s cells

54
Q

Langerhan’s cells can migrate out of epidermis to ______ _____ and present _______ to T cells and also differentiate into activated endothelial cells

A

Langerhan’s cells can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes and present antigens to T cells and also differentiate into activated endothelial cells

55
Q

Langerhans’ cells do not form ________ ___________ with other cells

A

Langerhans’ cells do not form desmosomal attachments with other cells

56
Q

Langerhans cells are derived from

A

bone marrow- macrophage lineage

57
Q

Contents of Langerhans’ cells

A

Has unique membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granules, which contain proteins necessary for antigen uptake

58
Q

Merkel’s cells are primarily located in

A

thick skin of palms and soles

59
Q

Tactile epithelioid cell associated with sensory nerve ending

A

Merkel’s cells

60
Q

Merkel cells are also involved in

A

2pt discrimination

61
Q

composed of connective tissue— supports epidermis and binds it to the subcutaneous tissue

62
Q

cytoplasm of Merkel’s cells contain small dense granules that may be related to

A

catecholamine containing granules of neurosecretory cells

63
Q

the base of Merkel’s cells are in contact with the

A

peripheral neuron terminal

64
Q

surface of dermis interdigitates with epidermis via

A

dermal papillae

65
Q

Epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae =

A

epidermal ridges or rete ridges

66
Q

anchoring fibrils extend from the______ ______ and terminate in _______ _______ to bind the dermis to the epidermis

A

anchoring fibrils extend from the basal lamina and terminate in anchoring plaques to bind the dermis to the epidermis

67
Q

Basic function of anchoring fibrils

A

binds the dermis to the epidermis

68
Q

Reticular layer of dermis is composed of

A

dense irregular CT— thicker than papillary layer

69
Q

Dermis has

A

follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and nerves

70
Q

outermost layer of dermis contains

A

loose connective tissue( fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages may be present)

71
Q

extensive capillary network in the papillary layer of dermis functions in

A

thermoregulation

72
Q

deeper continuation of the dermis

A

hypodermis

73
Q

hypodermis is composed primarily by

A

loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

74
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

pressure/vibration sensors found near dermis-hypodermis junction

75
Q

Hair follicle is an invagination of the epidermis that terminates in _____ _____

76
Q

dermal papilla projects into

77
Q

epidermal cells covering the dermal papilla form the

78
Q

the hair root produces and is continuous with the

A

hair shaft

79
Q

Some cells around the papilla differentiate into fusiform. What are fusiform and what do they form?

A

heavily keratinized cells, form the hair cortex

80
Q

Cells more peripheral in the hair root produce the

A

hair cuticle

81
Q

most peripheral root cells produce the

A

internal and external root sheath

82
Q

hair follicles are separated from the dermis by a thickened basal lamina called the

A

glassy membrane

83
Q

arrector pili muscles

A

smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle connective tissue sheath

84
Q

These glands are not found on palms and soles

A

sebaceous glands

85
Q

Dead cells + cell contents =

86
Q

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular gland – duct opens onto skin surface. receive cholinergic nerve fibers

87
Q

Dark cells secrete

A

glycoproteins

88
Q

clear cells secrete

A

H20 and electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi

89
Q

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands contain

A

myoepithelial cells (contractile), dark cells (mucoid, pyramidal cells) and clear cells (devoid of secretory granules, but have abundant glycogen)

90
Q

the ducts of apocrine cells open into

A

hair follicles

91
Q

Apocrine glands are present where?

A

axillary, areolar, and anal regions

92
Q

What mechanism of secretion do apocrine sweat glands have?

93
Q

what type of nerve fibers do apocrine glands receive?

A

Apocrine glands receive a adrenergic nerve fibers

94
Q

Apocrine glands contain only one kind of ______ ____ and produce viscous protein containing secretion

A

secretory cell

95
Q

What are nails?

A

Plates of keratinized epithelial cells

96
Q

Nail root is embedded in

A

fold of skin

97
Q

The stratum corneum of the epithelium over the nail root forms the

A

eponychium (cuticle)

98
Q

Nail plate rests on a bed of epidermis called the

99
Q

nail bed contains only a

A

S. basale and S. spinosum

100
Q

Where does the nail plate arise from?

A

Nail plate arises from the nail matrix

101
Q

the nail matrix extends from the nail root to the

A

lunula (white crescent and the base of the nail)

102
Q

Albinism

A

little melanin production. Vision problems due to abnormal retina development and abnormal nerve connections between eye and brain

103
Q

melanocytes are destroyed-patchy pigmentation

104
Q

“liver spots”

A

freckles due to being in the sun (older individuals)

105
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

precancerous condition. thick scaly patches of skin

106
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

(90% of all skin cancers) slow growing and treatable if found early

107
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

often develop from sun damaged areas (actinic keratosis due to sun damage)

108
Q

Malignant melanoma is derived from

A

melanocytes and is hard to treat once metastasized

109
Q

Psoriasis

A

Immune-mediated, genetic disease. red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia.

110
Q

Individuals with psoriasis often have

A

joint problems (psoriatic arthritis)

Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim (6 decks)

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