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Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

circulatory system consists of

A

heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic system

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2
Q

3 common layers/tunics of large blood vessels

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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3
Q

Large vessels have other smaller vessels(vasa vasorum) branching through…

A

adventitia and outer part of the media

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4
Q

Veins have more vasa vasorum than arteries?

A

True

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5
Q

Large vessels may have more of these components in adventitia

A

lymphatic vessels and nerves

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6
Q

Tunica intima

A

endothelium + underlying sub endothelial CT. Includes internal elastic lamina in larger vessels

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7
Q

primarily smooth muscle cells and also external elastic lamina

A

Tunica media

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8
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

fibroelastic CT (dense irregular CT with small amounts of elastic fibers)

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9
Q

How are arteries classified?

A

large (elastic), medium (muscular), and small (arterioles)

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10
Q

Elastic (Conducting) arteries

A

conduct blood to muscular arteries.

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11
Q

Examples of conducting arteries

A

aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian, and common iliac arteries

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12
Q

elastic fibers of intima form an

A

incomplete internal elastic lamina

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13
Q

arteries have a subendothelial layer of

A

loose CT which contains collagen and elastic fibers and fibroblasts

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14
Q

arteries have no distinct

A

external elastic lamina

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15
Q

muscular (distributing) arteries deliver

A

blood to organs

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16
Q

Muscular arteries are innervated by

A

postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

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17
Q

The intima of muscular arteries is ________ than that of elastic arteries

A

thinner

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18
Q

muscular arteries have a well developed

A

internal elastic lamina

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19
Q

The subendothelial CT of muscular arteries lack

A

smooth muscle cells

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20
Q

in muscular arteries the thick external elastic lamina is located

A

at edge of Tunica media

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21
Q

adventitia may be as thick as media, with

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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22
Q

In arterioles, media has 1-3

A

layers of smooth muscle cells with occasional elastic fibers

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23
Q

adventitia

A

layer of loose connective tissue with longitudinally arranged collagenous and elastic fibers

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24
Q

capillaries have a

A

single layer of endothelial cells

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25
Q

in arterioles, internal elastic lamina

A

may or may not be present

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26
Q

capillaries are surrounded by

A

thin sheath of reticular and collagenous fibers and some pericytes

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27
Q

Pericytes are basically

A

mesechymal-like stem cells

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28
Q

In wound healing, pericytes may differentiate into

A

fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

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29
Q

continuous (somatic) capillary

A

continuous endothelium and basal lamina

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30
Q

continuous capillaries have no

A

fenestrae

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31
Q

For transcytosis, continuous (somatic) capillaries have numerous

A

pinocytotic vesicles

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32
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

muscle, CT, CNS, exocrine pancreas and gonads

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33
Q

In the CNS, continuous capillaries have a type of tight junction which

A

contributes to the blood-brain barrier

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34
Q

fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries have no

A

diaphragms

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35
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

attenuated endothelium with large fenestrae – closed by thin diaphragms. continuous basal lamina

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36
Q

fenestrated capillaries are located in

A

mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal, kidney, choroid plexus, and ciliary body

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37
Q

Discontinuous capillaries are found in

A

liver and hemopoietic organs( bone marrow, spleen)

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38
Q

Discontinuous capillaries have ____ ____ between cells and thus have an _________ ______ ______

A

Discontinuous capillaries have wide gaps between cells. Incomplete basal lamina

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39
Q

Veins return

A

blood to the heart

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40
Q

Veins start as _____

A

venules

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41
Q

Intima of veins

A

endothelial cells

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42
Q

Media of veins have

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells

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43
Q

Postcapillary venules

A

receive blood from capillaries

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44
Q

postcapillary venules have an incomplete layer of _____ which becomes more complete as vessel gets larger

A

pericytes

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45
Q

Postcapillary venues are an important site of activity in

A

inflammation

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46
Q

muscular venules

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle and thin tunica adventitia. No pericytes

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47
Q

Name some large veins

A

superior and inferior vena cava, portal trunk

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48
Q

Intima od small to medium size veins (1-9mm ) may have a

A

thin sub endothelial connective tissue layer

49
Q

Large veins have a thick adventitia with

A

collagenous fibers and longitudinal arranged smooth muscle cells

50
Q

Small to medium size veins may have _____ to prevent retrograde blood flow

A

valves

51
Q

Valves are

A

paired, semilunar folds of the intima covered with endothelium

52
Q

arteriovenous anastamoses

A

connections primarily between arterioles and venules

53
Q

At the anastamoses between arterioles and venules there is a

A

specialized tunica media with a sphincter

54
Q

When shunt is closed in arteriovenous anastomoses…

A

arterial blood flows into capillary bed

55
Q

When shunt is open in arteriovenous anastomoses…

A

blood bypasses capillary bed and flows into vein

56
Q

Some microvascular beds have a _________ __________ which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillary

A

precapillary sphincter

57
Q

fluid scavenged by the lymphatic systems filtered by

A

lymph nodes and recycled into venous circulation at the base of the neck

58
Q

Plasma proteins, fluid, enzymes, lipids, antibodies, hormones and other macromolecules leak from

A

blood vessels and bathe tissues and interstitial spaces

59
Q

lacteals in the intestine are an important route of

A

fat absorption

60
Q

Lymph flows in only one ________ toward the base of the neck

A

direction

61
Q

lymphatic capillaries have no

A

basal lamina

62
Q

lymphatic vessels originate in CT as

A

closed-end anastomosing capillaries

63
Q

What areas of the body has no lymphatic system

A

CNS and bone marrow

64
Q

In smaller vessels, fine anchoring filaments attached to ________ _______ hold the vessel open

A

perivascular collagen

65
Q

Main thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct are structurally similar to

A

veins, with smooth muscle present

66
Q

what prevents back flow of lymph

A

paired cusp valves

67
Q

skeletal muscle has lymphatics only in

A

perimysium

68
Q

atherosclerosis

A

foam cell formation and fatty deposits in intima—may block vessel

69
Q

smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows angiolasty procedure. may occlude vessel

A

restenosis

70
Q

Aneurysm

A

ballooning out of artery–weakness in arterial wall

71
Q

varicose veins

A

tortuous, dilated veins, primarily in legs of older person. caused by decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves

72
Q

endothelial cells produce _________ from arachidonic acid

A

prostacyclin

73
Q

Prostacyclin inhibits

A

platelet adhesion and clot formation

74
Q

endothelial cells secrete nitric oxide which causes

A

smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax (vasodilator)

75
Q

when endothelial cells secrete endothelia-1 the response is

A

vasoconstriction

76
Q

endothelial cells also regulate

A

the traffic of inflammatory cells

77
Q

early in inflammation, macrophages in surrounding connective tissue secrete

A

cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1) which induce expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells

78
Q

Neutrophils bind to selectins and then

A

extravasate by migration through the endothelium

79
Q

mother’s circulatory system is not continuous with that of the fetus, therefore

A

no blood is exchanged, only material carried in the blood

80
Q

Exchange between the mother and fetus occur at the interface where the

A

umbilical fuses with the uterine walls (placenta)

81
Q

The fetal side (syntrophoblast) of an outer layer of

A

multinucleated synctiotrophonlasts

82
Q

inner layer of heart homologous to the intima

A

endocardium

83
Q

middle layer of heart homologous to the media

A

myocardium

84
Q

outer coat of heart corresponding to the adventitia

A

epicardium

85
Q

endocardium is lined by

A

endothelium- continuous with blood vessels that enter and leave the heart

86
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

myocardium

87
Q

In the ventricles, the myocardium is arranged into =

A

deep and superficial layers

88
Q

what kind of course does the superficial layer of myocardium have around ventricle

A

spiral course

89
Q

Deepr myocardium fibers have a

A

circular course

90
Q

the outermost coat of epicardium is formed by

A

mesothelial cells

91
Q

under the mesothelium of epicardium is

A

a subepicardial layer of loose CT and adipose tissue which contains coronary blood vessels and nerves

92
Q

Fibrous skeleton of heart is composed of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

93
Q

septum membranaceum

A

fibrous portion of the interventricular septum

94
Q

Annuli fibrosi

A

fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta and AV canals

95
Q

fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the AV canals

A

trigona fibrosa

96
Q

annuli around AV orifices result in

A

electrical discontinuity between myocardial cells of atria and ventricles (controls communication between them via specialized conducting tissue (AV bundle)

97
Q

SA node fires

A

action potentials spread through atria

98
Q

AV node fires

A

impulses go along conducting fibers

99
Q

Atrioventricular valves (names)

A

tricuspid and mitral

100
Q

atrioventricular valves are connected to

A

papillary muscles of ventricles by fibrous cords called chordae tendineae

101
Q

semilunar valves are between

A

ventricles and aorta and pulmonary trunk

102
Q

valves have both dense and loose CT layers surrounded by

A

endothelium

103
Q

pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

104
Q

sinoatrial node contains

A

modified cardiac muscle cells concentrically arranged around a nodal artery.

105
Q

impulse spreads from SA node via

A

specialized conduction fibers to the AV node

106
Q

AV lies beneath

A

the endocardium of the septal wall of the right atrium.

107
Q

the AV bundle of His is formed by

A

Purkinje fibers(cardiac conduction fibers)

108
Q

Purkinje fibers penetrate fibrous skeleton and then branch to form

A

right and left bundle branches

109
Q

AV node continues to form a

A

common stem– the AV bundles of His. Controlling structures

110
Q

Purkinje fibers are

A

modified muscle cells filled with glycogen

111
Q

purkinje fibers travel in the subendocardial layer to the heart apex then

A

reverse direction and branch to make contact and form gap junctions with cardiac muscle cells

112
Q

Parasympathetic nerves from vagus to SA node

A

slow the heart

113
Q

Sympathetic nerves to heart

A

accelerate heartbeat

114
Q

atrial cardiac muscle cells and some cells in the IV septum are the source of

A

polypeptide hormones (Cardiac endocrine cell)

115
Q

ANP gene makes 4 different hormones :

A

a long acting natriuretic (sodium) peptide, vessel dilator, kaliuretic (potassium) peptide and ANP

116
Q

Primary effect of this peptide is to increase sodium and H20 secretion from kidney

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

117
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide is released in response to

A

high blood pressure

118
Q

The tunica media layer of muscular arteries contain up to

A

40 circular layers of smooth muscle interdispersed with elastic fibers

Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim (6 decks)

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