- body needs O2 to produce energy (ATP) - when we use oxygen to break down food to release energy or when we exercise, CO2 is produced as a waste product and the body must remove this - respiration is the taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards by Phoebe Wilkinson

FUNCTION

To transport air into the lungs and facilitate the diffusion of oxygen into the bloodstream.

It also receives waste carbon dioxide from the blood and exhales it

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UPPER

Mouth, nose & nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

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LOWER

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Diaphragm

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MOUTH, NOSE & NASAL CAVITY

The function is to warm, filter, and moisten the incoming air

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PHARYNX

Throat divided into the trachea (windpipe) and oesophagus (food pipe)

There is also a small flap of cartilage called epiglottis which prevents food from entering the trachea

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LARYNX

Also known as voice box as it is sound generated

Also helps protect the trachea by producing a strong cough reflex if any solid objects pass the epiglottis

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TRACHEA

Known as windpipe
This tube carries air from the throat into the lungs.

The inner membrane of the trachea is covered in tiny hairs called cilia, which catch particles of dust that we can remove through coughing

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BRONCHI

Trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi, one entering the left and one entering the right lung

The left one is more narrow, longer, and more horizontal than the right

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BRONCHIOLES

Tertiary bronchi continue to divide and become bronchioles, very narrow tubes

There is no cartilage within the bronchioles and they lead to alveolar sacs

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ALVEOLI

Individual hollow cavities contained with alveolar sacs (or ducts).

Alveoli have very thin walls which permit the exchange of gases. Surrounded by a network of capillaries, into which inspired gases pass through the

Approx 3 million alveoli in adult lung

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DIAPHRAGM

A broadband of muscle that sits underneath the lungs, attaching to the lower ribs, sternum, and lumbar spine and forming the base of the thoracic cavity

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WHAT HAPPENS TO O2 IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

1- lungs to blood - oxygen enters lungs and moves into blood

2- transport in blood - oxygen binds to haemoglobin in blood cells and it’s carried to bloodstream

3 - delivered to muscles - when blood reaches muscles oxygen is released for energy production

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WHAT HAPPENS TO CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

1- production in muscles - produced as they use energy

2- transport to lungs - moves into blood carried back to lungs

3- exhaled - in lungs carbon dioxide leaves lungs and is breathed out

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ROLE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF OXYGEN TO MUSCLES

found in red blood cells
transports oxygen from lungs to tissues
binds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. As blood flows to tissues it releases oxygen to meet energy demands
can store 4 oxygen - protein

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ROLE OF MYOGLOBIN IN THE TRANSPORTATION OF OXYGEN TO MUSCLES

found in muscle cells
stored and releases oxygen within muscles
has high affinity for oxygen so it can hold on to oxygen molecules and release them when muscles oxygen levels are low

Stores- release - mitochondria - energy

Only store 1 oxygen- protein
Found in muscle tissue (slow twitch type 1)

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WHAT IS RESPIRATION

body needs O2 to produce energy (ATP)
when we use oxygen to break down food to release energy or when we exercise, CO2 is produced as a waste product and the body must remove this
respiration is the taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

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FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

To transport oxygen from the air that we breathe through a system of tubes into our lungs and then into the blood stream

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STRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS

lungs found in the thorax
protected by rib cage, separated from abdomen by the diaphragm
each lung is surrounded by a pleura, a double membrane which contains lubricating pleural fluid
right lung slightly larger than the left
right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes

STRUCTURE OF ALVEOLI

Tiny air sacs with thin walls (one cell thick) helps maximise/ speed up diffusion rates, surrounded by capillaries and dense capillary network. Large surface area. Moist around alveoli.

ROLE OF ALVEOLI

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to keep you blood oxygenated, supporting energy and endurance in physical activities

THORACIC CAVITY

A space in your chest that contains organs, blood vessels, nerves and other important body structures.
Left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity and mediastinum

ADDITIONAL INSPIRATORY MUSCLES INVOLVED

Sternocleidomastoid ( lifts up sternum)
Pectoral minor, scalene
SSP

ADDITIONAL EXPIRATORY MUSCLES INVOLVED

Internal intercostal muscles (helps pulls ribs down)
Abdominal muscles (pushes diaphragm up)

TIDAL VOLUME

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Average values at rest - 0.5
Changes during exercise - increase

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath Average values at rest - 3.1 Changes during exercise - decrease

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath Average values at rest - 1.2 Changes during exercise - slight decrease

RESIDUAL VOLUME

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration Average values at rest - 1.2 Changes during exercise - no change

VITAL CAPACITY

Volume of air forcibly expired after maximum inspiration in one breath Average values at rests - 4.8 Changes during exercise - slight decrease

MINUTE VENTILATION

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute Sum of tidal volume + IRV + ERV Average values at rest - 6 Changes during exercise - large increase

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

Vital capacity + residual volume Average values at rest - 6 Changes during exercise - slight decrease

SPIROMETER TRACE MEASURES

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTER (RCC)

Located in the medulla oblongata Consists of two main areas: (1) inspiratory centre (2) expiratory centre

INSPIRATORY CENTRE (IC)

Controls inhalation by sending nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles, causing them to contract and bring air into the lungs

EXPIRATORY CENTRE

Primarily responsible for forced exhalation. This centre sends impulses to the abdominal and intercostal muscles to increase the rate and depth of exhalation Stretch receptor = prevents lungs from over inflation

DIFFUSION

The movement of gas molecules from an area oh high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure - diffusion happens until equilibrium is reached

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood and carbon du

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

Gaseous exchange at the lungs - between lungs and blood/ capillary

PARTIAL PRESSURE

The pressure of a gas

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

Gaseous exchange at the tissues - process of diffusion that occurs in the muscle/ tissue, where oxygen enters the muscle/ tissue and carbon dioxide enter the blood stream

SATURATION

Amount of oxygen combined with haemoglobin

A-VO2 DIFF

This is the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles At rest arterio-venous difference is low because of the muscles do not need much oxygen (due to low demand of O2) During exercise the muscles need more oxygen from the blood so the arterio-venous deference is high (due to high demand of O2)

PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS (LONG TERM ADAPTATIONS)

(1) increase muscle capillary density - regular aerobic training can stimulate the growth of new capillaries (2) enhance mitochondrial density - can increase the number and efficiency of mitochondria in muscle cells (3) improve haemoglobin levels- greater oxygen delivery (4) improve myoglobin levels - oxygen delivery and storage within muscle tissues

VO2- MAX

Maximum rate at which the body can take in, transport, and use oxygen during intense exercise