LONG TERM ADAPTIONS OF EXERCISE

Question 1

THE MAIN ADAPTATIONS TAKE PLACE IN THE:

Answer 1

(1) musculoskeletal system
(2) cardiovascular system
(3) respiratory system
(4) neuro-muscular system
(5) energy systems

Question 2

MUSCLES = 3

Answer 2

(1) skeletal muscle
(2) cardiac muscle
(3) smooth muscle

Question 3

WHAT IS CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY

Answer 3

the growth and size of heart to increase, help increase SV and maximal cardiac output
this increase in oxygen reaching the muscle will increase the VO2 max of an individual, which will increase the anaerobic threshold allowing the athlete to work in the aerobic zone for longer

Question 4

WHAT IS MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY

Answer 4

the skeletal muscles growth and strengthen, can increase the force exerted by a muscle, thus allowing faster contractions allowing greater sprint speeds or increasing leg power

Question 5

AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS
MUSCULOSKELETAL (CONCERINING THE MUSCLE)

Answer 5

• increased number of capillaries around muscles increasing diffusion of oxygen
• increased number of mitochondria
• increase amounts of myoglobin
• increase in the efficiency of Type 1 muscle fibres and the utilisation of Type 2A

Question 6

AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS
MUSCULOSKELETAL (CONCERNING THE BONES AND JOINTS)

Answer 6

• improved bone density

increase in amount of synovial fluid in the joint capsule

Question 7

AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS
RESPIRATORY

Answer 7

• increased capillarisation
• improved strength of respiratory muscles
• increased utilisation of the alveoli/ reducing breathing frequency
• increase tidal volume and minute ventilation

Question 8

AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS
CARDIO-VASCULAR

Answer 8

• increase in myocardium (heart muscle) - cardiac hypertrophy
• ventricles hold greater volume of blood, increase diastolic phase
• reduced resting heart rate- bradycardia due to increase in stroke volume
• increased blood pressure whilst exercising, reduced resting blood pressure
• increased vasomotor control
• increased number of red blood cells, more haemoglobin

Question 9

OVERALL EFFECTS OF AEROBIC ADAPTATIONS ON PERFORMER

Answer 9

(1) have a higher VO2 max (the unit of measurement of aerobic fitness)

(2) work aerobically zone for longer raising the anaerobic threshold, reducing the onset of blood lactate (OBLA) and conserving glycogen and PC stores

(3) recovery times after intense exercise will be shorter due to the transportation system that removes waste produces, as well as delivering oxygen and fuel

(4) faster recovery means the body can replenish PC stores and glycogen at a faster rate and removal of lactic acid

(5) lactic acid will be removed faster

(6) myoglobin stores will be re-saturated at a faster rate because of increased oxygen uptake