Respiratory System Flashcards
This is responsible for gas exchange, allowing the body to take in oxygen (O₂) and expel carbon dioxide (CO₂). This process is vital for producing energy and maintaining acid-base balance.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system, which includes the nose, (1)_____, larynx (voicebox), (2)______ (windpipe) , bronchi, and lungs, provided for gas exchange, the intake of (3)_____, and the removal of CO2.
The respiratory system also helps regulate blood pH; contains receptors for the sense of (4)___; filters, warms, and moistens inspired air; produces sounds; and rids of the body of some water and heat in exhaled air.
- (1) pharynx (throat)
- (2) trachea (windpipe)
- (3) oxygen (O2)
- (4) smell
The entire process of gas exchange in the body is called what?
Respiration
Respiration occurs in 3 basic steps. What are these?
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External ventilation
- Internal ventilation
This is the movement of air in and out of lungs. In simple terms, it is about “Breathing”.
Pulmonary ventilation
This is the exchange of gases between the environment and the lungs.
External respiration
This is the exchange of gases between blood and cells.
This is when oxygen goes into the cells and carbon dioxide away by blood.
Internal respiration
Functionally, the respiratory system can also be divided into 2 parts. What are these?
- Conducting zone
- Respiratory zone
This is consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs.
This is the area without gas exchange. Just important for connections [From the nose to bronchioles]
150 ml of Air
Conducting zone
This is consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood.
This is where the gas exchange happens [It happens in the lungs]
350 ml of Air
Respiratory zone
What are the organs involved in conducting portion?
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
What is involved in respiratory portion?
Lungs (specifically Alveoli)
What are the 2 Divisions of the Respiratory system in terms of its location or structurally?
Upper and Lower respiratory tract
What are the components of Upper Respiratory Tract?
Nasal cavity and Pharynx (throat)
Note: Pag may sipon and masakit ang lalamunan.
What are the components of Lower Respiratory Tract?
- Larynx (voicebox)
- Trachea (windpipe)
- Bronchi
- Lungs
Note: Pag namamaos na because of sipon and sore throat. Others are bronchitis and pneumonia.
This is a specialized organ at the entrance of the respiratory system and has a visible external and internal portion.
Nose
The external portion of the nose is made of what?
Cartilage and skin and is lined with mucous membrane
The openings of the nose to the exterior are the _________.
External nares
The internal portion of the nose, divided from the external portion by the ________, communicates with the paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx through the internal nares.
nasal septum
Note: The nose is adapted for warming, moistening, and filtering air; olfaction; and serving as a resonating chamber.
What are the 4 sinuses? Also called the paranasal sinuses.
This is for vocalization or the resonating chamber. When this is infected, magiging ngongo style ka HAHAHA
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
- Maxillary
- Frontal
This is a funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends partway down the neck. It lies just posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and just anterior to the cervical (neck) vertebrae. It’s wall is composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane
Pharynx (throat)
Note: In digestive, it’s for swallowing. For respiratory, its for conduction of air.
The pharynx (throat) functions as a passageway for air and food. It is also a _________ for speech sounds and houses the tonsils.
resonating chamber
The pharynx is divided into 3. What are these?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Its a part of pharynx that functions in respiration.
Nasopharynx
Parts of pharynx that functions in both digestion and in respiration.
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
Note:
- Digestion - passageway of food
- Respiration - conduction of air
The nasal cavity is divided into 3. What are these?
Superior, Middle, and Inferior Nasal conchae
Note: Eto yung mga hati sa Ilong ng dummy nung digestive system.
Why should we not breathe in our mouth?
Because breathing using the mouth causes drying of mouth and it will be the cause of infections.
Air goes into the nose to be moisten and for smell also.
The ___________ connects the pharynx and the trachea.
It contains the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple), the epiglottis, the cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, cuneiform cartilages, false vocal cords, and true vocal cords.
Larynx (voice box)
Note: The important part here is the epiglottis. It should close when you swallow food because this is the passage of air.
This is controlled by the tension of the vocal folds.
If they are pulled taut, they vibrate more rapidly and a higher pitch results. Lower sounds are produced by decreasing the muscular tension.
Pitch
The _________ extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi. It is composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage and is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar Epithelium.
Trachea (windpipe)
The trachea divided into 2. What are these?
- Right main (primary) bronchus - goes to the right lung
- Left main (primary) bronchus - goes to the left lung
This is the point where the trachea splits (CARINA) into the right and left main bronchi
Bifurcation of trachea
Inflammation of the bronchus is called?
Bronchitis
What bronchus is more positioned downward?
Right
Note: It is important because it is more prone to pneumonia (because of downward deviation)
The ______ bronchi divide to form the lobar bronchi (secondary), one for each lobe of the lung.
Main
The lobar bronchi continues to branch, forming still smaller bronchi called _________.
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
The secondary bronchi is also called as what?
lobar bronchi
The tertiary bronchi is also called as what?
Segmental bronchi
The segmental (tertiary) bronchi divides several times, ultimately giving rise to smaller bronchi called ________.
Bronchioles
Bronchioles, in turn, branch into even smaller tubes called ________.
Terminal bronchioles
Because all of the airways resemble an upside-down tree with many branches, their arrangement is known as the _________.
bronchial tree
These are paired organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the pleural membrane.
Lungs
What is the outer layer of the lungs?
Parietal pleura
What is the inner layer of the lungs?
Visceral pleura
The ______ lung has 3 lobes separated by two fissures.
Right
The ____ lung has 2 lobes separated by one fissure plus a depression, the cardiac notch.
Left
Note: This is because of the Heart
Each lobe consists of _______, which contain lympathic vessels, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
lobules
The exchange of gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide) in the lungs occurs across the ________.
respiratory membrane
Note: This is the lining around the alveoli where gas exchange happens.
Branching of Airways from the Trachea and Lobes of the Lungs. What are the process?
- Larynx
- Trachea
- CARINA
- Right and Left main bronchus
- Lobar bronchi (secondary)
- Segmental bronchi (tertiary)
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Alveoli
This is the functional units of the lungs, this is the cell which promotes gas exchange.
Alveoli (Alveolus)
What are the 3 Types of Alveoli?
- Type 1 Alveolar cells (Respiratory membrane or covering elastic)
- Type 2 Alveolar cells
- Type 3 Alveolar macrophage
Produce and secrete surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
It prevent lung collapse.
Type 2 Alveolar cells
Problem is with babies because they don’t have Type 2 Alveolar cells yet.
Act as part of the immune system by phagocytosing debris, bacteria, and foreign particles.
Alveolar Macrophage (Type 3)
What is the main muscle for breathing?
Diaphragm
When you don’t have diaphragm, you will die.
The diaphragm ______ when it receives nerve impulses from the phrenic nerves.
contracts
The SCMs (Sternocleidomastoid), scalenes, and pectoralis minors contribute to _________.
forced inhalation
_________ involves contraction of the internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, Transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis.
Forced exhalation
The _________ is the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute.
Minute Ventilation
The __________ are tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
Lung volumes
___________ are combinations of specific lung volumes.
Lung capacities
Around 500 ml of Air which is the volume of a single breath, usually at rest.
Normal amount of air during rest.
Tidal Volume
When you exhale to the limit, not all the air go out.
This is around 1200 ml. This is the volume remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration. This volume keeps the alveoli inflated.
Residual Volume
When your residual volume increases to normal range, you will have a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by long-term breathing difficulties and reduced airflow. It is often caused by prolonged exposure to irritants, such as smoking, air pollution, or occupational fumes.
COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
This is the total amount of air which is approximately 6000 ml or 6 liters.
Total Lung Capacity
What would be the action of the diaphragm when you inhale?
Upward or downward
Downward
What would be the action of the diaphragm when you exhale?
Upward or downward
Upward
When you see a person that shows their accessory muscles when breathing, that means they are experiencing what?
- DOB (Difficulty of breathing)
- SOB (Shortness of breathing)
The process of breathing involves changes in ________ within the thoracic cavity, which allows air to flow into and out of the lungs.
pressure
Note: These pressure changes are essential for inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration).
When you are not breathing or at rest, the Atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure are ______.
equal
What is the constant amount of atmospheric pressure?
760 mm Hg
When you inhale, what will be the amount of atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure?
- Atmospheric pressure - 760 mm Hg
- Alveolar pressure - 758 mm Hg
When you exhale, what will be the amount of atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure?
- Atmospheric pressure - 760 mm Hg
- Alveolar pressure - 762 mm Hg
What are the Respiratory Control Center?
Pons and Medulla Oblongata
Note: They both contain chemoreceptors.
This is for the Initiation of breathing. It manages your Carbon dioxide.
Pons
This is for the control of respiratory rate. Increase and decrease of rr. It also manages your carbon dioxide.
Medulla oblongata
