Blood vessel Flashcards
1
Q
Veins carry what blood?
A
Deoxygenated blood
2
Q
What are the gases carried by blood that is transported throughout the body?
A
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
3
Q
Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into two classes. What are these?
A
Pulmonary vessels and Systemic vessels
4
Q
Vessels which transport blood from the right ventricle of the heart through the lungs and back to the left atrium.
A
Pulmonary vessels
5
Q
Vessels which transport blood from the left ventricle of the heart through all parts of the body and back to the right atrium.
A
Systemic vessels
6
Q
What are the Functions of Blood Vessels?
A
- Carry blood
- Exchange nutrients, waste products, gases within tissues
- Transport substances
- Regulate blood pressure (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)
- Direct blood flow to tissues
7
Q
Arteries can be narrowed down.
What are the small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries?
A
Arterioles
8
Q
Veins can be narrowed down.
What are the small branches of veins that receive blood from capillaries?
A
Venules
9
Q
This is the smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules.
- Facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
- Allow diffusion due to their thin, one-cell-thick walls.
A
Capillaries
10
Q
What is the relationship in Circulation of Arteries, Vein, Arterioles, and Venules?
A
Arteries to Arterioles:
- Blood leaves the heart through large arteries.
- These branch into smaller arterioles that carry blood closer to tissues.
Arterioles to Capillaries:
- Arterioles deliver blood to capillaries, the tiniest blood vessels.
- Here, oxygen and nutrients are given to tissues, and waste like carbon dioxide is collected.
Capillaries to Venules:
- After the exchange, blood moves from capillaries into small veins called venules.
Venules to Veins:
- Venules merge into larger veins, which carry the oxygen-poor blood.
Veins to the Heart:
- Veins return the blood to the heart to start the process again.
11
Q
Simple Cycle of Blood flow in blood vessels.
A
Heart → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Heart.
12
Q
It carry blood (oxygenated) away from the heart. It is thick with a lot of elastic.
A
Arteries
13
Q
It carry blood (deoxygenated) back to the heart. It is thick with less elastic.
A
Veins
14
Q
Blood vessels are composed of three main layers, each with specific structures and functions. What are these?
A
- Tunica intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica adventitia
15
Q
The innermost layer of a blood vessel.
A
Tunica intima
16
Q
The middle and thickest layer. It is composed of smooth muscle with elastic and collagen.
A
Tunica media
17
Q
The outermost layer. Made of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
A
Tunica adventitia
18
Q
These are small rings of smooth muscle located at the entrance of capillary beds, where arterioles transition into capillaries.
They control how much blood enters the capillary beds based on the needs of the tissue. Basically, blood flow is regulated by this.
A
Precapillary sphincters
19
Q
The walls of our blood vessels consist of only a simple ______ surrounded by delicate loose connective tissue.
A
endothelium
Simple squamous (for diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide)
20
Q
Which of the blood vessels (Artery / Vein ) have high pressure?
A
Artery
21
Q
Which of the blood vessels (Artery / Vein ) have valves?
A
Vein
22
Q
_______ in veins are flap-like structures that ensure one-way blood flow, preventing blood from flowing backward. They are most commonly found in the veins of the limbs, where blood must travel against gravity to return to the heart.
A
Valves
23
Q
These are swollen, enlarged, and twisted veins that commonly appear on the legs and feet. They occur when the valves in the veins malfunction, allowing blood to pool and causing the veins to become enlarged.
A
Varicose veins
Note: Hemorrhoids (almoranas) are a type of varicose vein. However, they specifically refer to swollen veins in the rectal or anal area.
24
Q
It is the rhythmic throbbing felt in the carotid artery, which is located on either side of the neck.
A
Carotid Pulse
Note: From your adam’s apple, slide your finger to either left or right side of your neck to find the carotid pulse.
25
Can we put insert IV line in our carotid artery?
**Yes**
Note: On **External carotid artery**.
26
It is the **first section of the aorta, the largest artery in the body**. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and plays a vital role in distributing oxygen-rich blood to the entire body.
Ascending Aorta
27
It is the **curved portion of the aorta** that connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta.
It gives rise to three major arteries:
* Brachiocephalic Artery: Supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck (via the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries).
* Left Common Carotid Artery: Supplies blood to the left side of the head and neck.
* Left Subclavian Artery: Supplies blood to the left arm.
Aortic Arch
28
It is the **section of the aorta that continues downward from the aortic arch.**
Descending Aorta
29
Descending Aorta have 2 subdivisions. What are these?
**Thoracic aorta** and **Abdominal aorta**
30
Part of the **descending aorta in the chest** (extends through thorax to diaphragm).
Thoracic aorta
31
The portion of the **descending aorta in the abdomen** (extends from diaphragm where it divides at the common iliac arteries).
Abdominal aorta
32
What are the **Branches of Aortic Arch**?
* Brachiocephalic artery
* Left common carotid artery
* Left subclavian artery
33
It is the **first** branch off aortic arch. It supplies blood to the **right side of head and neck**.
Brachiocephalic Artery
34
It is the **2nd** branch off aortic arch. It supplies blood to the **left side of head and neck**.
Left common carotid artery
35
It is the **3rd** branch off aortic arch. It supplies blood to **left upper limbs**.
Left Subclavian Artery
36
There are **2 arteries** that branches of from brachiocephalic Artery. What are these?
* Right common carotid artery
* Right subclavian artery
37
What is the artery that **branches off from brachiocephalic artery** and it supplies blood to **right side of head and neck**?
Right common carotid artery
38
What is the artery that **branches off from brachiocephalic artery** and it supplies blood to **right upper limbs**?
Right subclavian artery
39
It is the **rhythmic throbbing** felt in the brachial artery, located in the **upper arm**.
It is a key site for assessing circulation and is often used in clinical settings to **measure blood pressure** and check blood flow to the arm.
Brachial pulse
40
What are the **Arteries of the Upper limbs**?
* Axillary arteries
* Brachial arteries
* Ulnar arteries
* Radial arteries
41
It is the **rhythmic throbbing** felt in the radial artery, located on the wrist, at the **thumb side**.
It is one of the most commonly used **pulse points for checking heart rate** and assessing circulation, especially in routine medical exams.
Radial pulse
42
It is **continuation of subclavian**. It supply blood deep in clavicle.
Axillary arteries
43
It is a branch of brachial artery **near the elbow**.
Ulnar arteries
44
It is a **test that measures the levels of oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and the pH in the blood, specifically from an artery**.
It is used to assess how well the lungs are able to bring oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
45
What are the **Arteries of the Lower Limbs**?
* Femoral arteries
* Popliteal arteries
* Anterior tibial artery
* Posterior tibial artery
* FIbular arteries
* Dorsalis pedis artery
46
What is the artery of the lower limbs that supply blood to **thigh**?
Femoral arteries
47
What is the artery of the lower limbs that supply blood to **knee**?
Popliteal arteries
48
What is the artery of the lower limbs that supply blood to **leg and foot**?
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
49
What is the artery of the lower limbs that supply blood to **lateral leg and foot**?
Fibular arteries
50
What artery do we take blood pressure?
**Brachial artery**
Note:
* If no arms then popliteal artery.
* If no arms and legs then manually through the central lines.
51
It is a condition where there is an **abnormal bulge or swelling in the abdominal aorta**, the largest blood vessel in the abdomen.
The aorta carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and an aneurysm occurs when a section of the aorta weakens and expands.
Triple A (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)
52
It is a **bulging or ballooning of a blood vessel in the brain** due to a weakened area in the vessel wall. It can occur anywhere in the brain but is most common in the **circle of Willis (specifically the Anterior communicating artery)**, a ring of arteries at the base of the brain.
**Cerebral aneurysm**, also known as a **brain aneurysm**
53
What are the 2 aneurysm?
* AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)
* Cerebral aneurysm
54
What arteries supply blood to stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, and upper duodenum?
Celiac trunk arteries
55
What arteries supply blood to small intestines and upper portion of colon?
Superior mesenteric arteries
56
What arteries supply blood to colon?
Inferior mesenteric arteries
57
What arteries supply blood to **kidneys**?
Renal arteries
58
What arteries supply blood to **liver**?
Hepatic arteries
59
What arteries supply blood to **testes**?
Testicular arteries
60
What arteries supply blood to **ovaries**?
Ovarian arteries
61
What arteries supply blood to **diaphragm**?
Inferior phrenic arteries
62
What arteries supply blood to **lumbar vertebra and back muscles**?
Lumbar arteries
63
What nerve **innervates the diapragm**? It can be seen on your cervical plexus.
Phrenic nerve
64
These are the **main arteries supplying blood to the pelvis and lower limbs.** They branch from the **abdominal aorta**.
Common Iliac Arteries
65
The common iliac arteries are divided into 2. What are these?
* External Iliac Arteries
* Internal Iliac Arteries
66
It is a division of common iliac artery which supply blood to **lower limbs**.
External Iliac Arteries
67
It is a division of common iliac artery which supply blood to **pelvic area**.
Internal Iliac Arteries
68
What blood does veins carry?
**Deoxygenated blood**
Note: Blood with less oxygen, 75% carbon dioxide and 25% oxygen
69
What is the largest vein in the body?
**Vena Cava**
Note: Composed of two: Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
70
What Vena Cava drains blood from the head, neck, and arms (upper limbs)?
Superior Vena Cava
71
What Vena Cava drains blood from the abdomen, and everything under the heart?
Inferior Vena Cava
72
If Arteries are important because of pulses and blood pressure measurement, **what is the clinical significance of veins for nurses?**
For drug administration
73
When we don't have access to the arms and legs of the patient to insert IV or any drugs, it will be inserted to what vein?
**External Jugular Vein**
Note: It will be the last option
74
**Inserting a line going to the right atrium**. It is like a dialysis catheter.
Central Line
75
What is the second option in inserting IV? It is the **most common** however, it is prone to infection because of the saliva of the patient.
INJ or Internal Jugular Vein
76
What would be the indication if you saw a patient with a **very visible external Jugular Vein** (neck)?
**It indicates heart failure**
Note: The heart is not pumping enough blood and it causes the blood to backflow.
77
It forms brachiocephalic veins. It is the **most ideal site for central line**, because there are no excretion on this part.
**Subclavian veins**
Note: Higher risk of pneumothorax due to proximity to the lungs.
78
It is not really that important in nurses but note that it is connected to **superior Vena Cava**.
Brachiocephalic veins
79
What is the vein for **blood extraction**?
Median cubital vein
80
What is the vein on the hand that is your **first priority**?
It is commonly used for peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulation.
They are superficial, making them easy to locate and access, especially in non-emergency situations.
**Metacarpal vein**
Note: Metacarpal veins are smaller and more fragile compared to veins in the forearm, such as the median cubital vein, so they are less suitable for prolonged IV therapy or large-bore catheters.
81
It is a prominent superficial vein located in the upper limb. It is often used in clinical settings for venous access due to its **accessibility and size.**
This is for **blood transfusion**.
Cephalic Vein
82
What are the **3 options** on the upper limbs for IV Insertion?
* Metacarpal vein
* Cephalic vein
* Basilic vein
83
It is your last option in inserting IV on the upper limbs because you can just insert on it **once**.
Basilic vein
84
It is a vital component of the circulatory system responsible for **directing blood from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and spleen to the liver**. It plays a crucial role in **metabolism and detoxification**.
Hepatic Portal System
85
Why IV Administration is Better Than Oral in Certain Cases (Linked to the Hepatic Portal System)?
**Oral Medications:**
* When a drug is taken orally, it is absorbed through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the bloodstream.
* From there, it travels via the **hepatic portal vein** to the liver, where it undergoes **first-pass metabolism**.
* The liver breaks down some of the drug before it enters systemic circulation, reducing its potency and effectiveness.
**IV Administration:**
* With IV administration, the drug is injected directly into the systemic bloodstream, bypassing the liver initially.
* This **avoids the first-pass effect**, allowing the medication to maintain its full potency and act more quickly.
86
Oral medication are high dosage and IV are less. What is the reason behind this?
IV does not pass the hepatic Portal vein, thus, it is more effective and works immediately.
Oral medications are detoxified by the liver since it pass the hepatic portal vein.
87
What is Systolic Pressure?
Contraction of heart
88
What is Diastolic Pressure?
Relaxation of heart
89
What is the average blood pressure?
120/80
90
The diastolic pressure on the blood pressure should not be 0 because it pertains to the blood volume. If it is decreased the n it indicates ___________.
dehydration
91
92
It is the measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
Blood pressure
93
It is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
Systolic - Diastolic = ?
Pulse Pressure
94
What is the normal pulse pressure?
30-40 mm Hg
95
When the pulse pressure is decreased, what does this indicate?
**The heart is failing**
The patient is dying
96
When the pulse pressure is increased than the normal, what does this indicate?
Your veins might burst/ explode because of too much pressure.
**Possible stroke**
97
What is the one clinical significance of temporal artery?
Getting temperature
98
PULSES and CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
* Temporal artery = temperature
* Carotid artery = pulse
* Brachial artery = blood pressure measurement
* Radial artery = most common for pulse
* Femoral artery = blood sample
* Popliteal artery = second option for blood pressure
* Dorsalis pedis = third option for blood pressure
99
Constricted arteries. What will be the blood pressure?
Higher or lower
Higher bp
100
Dilated arteries. What will be the blood pressure?
Higher or lower
Lower bp
101
What are the 2 medications that control your blood pressure and heart rate?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
102
Which medication is for heart rate?
Epinephrine
103
Which medication is for blood pressure?
Norepinephrine
104
What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
(Diastolic x 2 + Systolic) / 3
105
What is the normal MAP?
65–120 mmHg
106
What should we do if the Map is less than 65?
Medications
107
What should we do if the Map is above 120?
Hypertensive meds
108
MAP = CO x PR
NOT IMPORTANT
109
What is the process of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism?
* When the blood pressure is decreased, the kidney will release **renin**
* Renin will combine to **angiotensinogen** (from the liver), and will form **Angiotensin 1**
Note: Angiotensin
Angio means artery and tensin means pressure
* Angiotensin 1 will go to lungs and become **Angiotensin 2**
Note: Angiotensin 2 is a vasoconstrictor (there will be increased BP)
* Angiotensin 2 will go to adrenal cortex to promote the release of aldosterone.
Note: The function of aldosterone is absorption of sodium and water. When the sodium of patient is higher, the bp will be higher also.
110
It is a hormonal mechanism that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
111
What hormone in our body functions to conserve water in our body?
**Water only**
Antidiuretic Hormone
112
When the color of your urine is white. What does this indicate?
High or low antidiuretic hormone
**Low antidiuretic hormone**
The concentration of our urine indicates high or low antidiuretic hormone
113
When you conserve water, you conserve blood volume. What will happen to the blood pressure?
**Increase blood pressure**
Note: When your blood volume (you are dehydrated) the blood pressure will drop.
114
Diuretic is about _______?
**urination**
Note: Antidiuretic means Anti - urination
