BLOOD Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 gases that is transported throughout the body by blood?
A
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
2
Q
What are the functions of blood?
A
- Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
- Transport of processed molecules.
- Transport of regulatory molecules.
- Regulation of pH and osmosis.
- Maintenance of body temperature.
- Protection against foreign substances.
- Clot formation
3
Q
What is the normal pH of our blood?
A
7.35 - 7.45
Note:
Acidosis: If blood pH drops below 7.35, it indicates excess acidity.
Alkalosis: If blood pH rises above 7.45, it indicates excess alkalinity.
4
Q
One of the functions of blood is to transport waste products like ___ and creatinine. These are transported to organs like the kidneys for excretion.
A
urea
5
Q
One of the functions of blood is to regulate ______.
This balances water and solute concentrations to prevent dehydration or overhydration of cells.
A
Osmosis
6
Q
In the maintenance of body temperature, the blood vessels play a crucial role through these 2. What are these?
A
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
7
Q
- When the body temperature rises (e.g., during exercise or in hot environments), blood vessels dilate (widen), especially near the skin’s surface.
- This increases blood flow to the skin, allowing heat to dissipate into the environment through sweating and radiation.
- This helps cool the body and prevent overheating.
A
Vasodilation
8
Q
- When the body temperature drops (e.g., in cold environments), blood vessels constrict (narrow) to reduce blood flow to the skin.
- This minimizes heat loss by retaining warm blood in the body’s core and vital organs.
- Shivering may also occur to generate heat through muscle activity.
A
Vasoconstriction
9
Q
The composition of blood consists of two primary components.
What are these?
A
Plasma and Formed Elements
10
Q
It is pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells.
A
Plasma
11
Q
Plasma holds how many percent of our total blood?
A
55% of total Blood
12
Q
Our Plasma is composed of three components like water, proteins and other.
Complete the percentages of each components of plasma.
- (a)______ water
- (b)______ proteins
- (c)______ other
A
- (a) 91% water
- (b) 7% proteins
- (c) 2% other
13
Q
It is 45% of total blood. It is composed of cells and cell fragments.
A
Formed Elements
14
Q
The cellular components (Formed Elements) of blood are categorized into three main types.
What are these?
A
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs or Erythrocytes)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs or Leukocytes)
- Platelets (Thrombocytes)
15
Q
Red blood cells are also known as what?
A
Erythrocytes
16
Q
White blood cells are also known as what?
A
Leukocytes
17
Q
Platelets are also known as what?
A
Thrombocytes
18
Q
What are the Three Main Types of Plasma Proteins?
A
Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
19
Q
It is 58% of plasma Proteins which helps maintain water balance.
A
Albumin
Note: To increase the Albumin of the patient, eating White egg is recommended by doctors and nurses as it is the “main source of albumin”.
20
Q
Albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) in the blood. This pressure prevents excessive fluid from leaking out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues.
When albumin levels drop (a condition called hypoalbuminemia), the colloid osmotic pressure decreases. As a result, fluid leaks from the blood vessels into the interstitial spaces, leading to swelling or what we call _______.
A
Edema (pamamaga)
21
Q
It is 38% of plasma Proteins which helps in our immune system.
A
Globulins
Example:
- Immunoglobulins (Ig), also known as antibodies, are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. They play a vital role in the immune system by identifying and neutralizing pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
22
Q
It is 4% of plasma proteins which is crucial for blood clot formation. It is converted into fibrin by thrombin during coagulation..
A
Fibrinogen
Note:
- Significance: Plays a key role in hemostasis and wound healing.
- Fibrin → Prevent blood loss
23
Q
CBC stands for?
A
Complete Blood Count
24
Q
It is the process that produces formed elements.
A
Hematopoiesis
25
In the **fetus**, hematopoiesis occurs in several tissues, namely:
* Liver
* Thymus
* Spleen
* Lymph nodes
* Red bone marrow
26
**After birth**, hematopoiesis is confined primarily to _______, but some white blood cells are produced in lympathic tissues.
Red bone marrow
27
Where is the red bone marrow located?
A. Epiphysis
B. Diaphysis
A. Epiphysis
28
What does the red bone marrow mainly produces?
Red blood cells
29
This is the **Mother of all cells**.
All the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called ____.
**Stem cells** or **Hemocytoblasts**
Note: These stem cells differentiate to give rise to different cell lines, each of which ends with the formation of a particular type of formed elements **[RBC, WBC, Platelets]**.
30
These are **disk-shaped with thick edges**.
Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (RBC)
31
What is lost during the development of erythrocytes or Red blood cells?
Nucleus
32
Erythrocytes or Red blood cells live for how many days in male and female?
120 days for male and 110 days for female
33
What is the function of erythrocytes or Red blood cells?
To transport Oxygen to tissues
34
What is the main component of erythrocytes?
It transports oxygen that binds to iron.
**It gives color to the blood**.
**Hemoglobin**
Note: Each globin protein is attached to a heme molecule. Hence the name, hemoglobin.
35
What do you call the **hemoglobin with an oxygen attached**?
Oxyhemoglobin
36
Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein composed of two ____ and two _____ subunits in adults (called HbA).
alpha (α) and beta (β)
37
WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES?
* There will be **decreased blood oxygen levels**.
* Kidneys will increase the production of **erythropoietin**.
* Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce more **erythrocytes.**
* Increased erythrocytes cause an **increase in blood oxygen levels.**
38
Old Red blood cells are removed from blood by _____ in spleen and liver.
**macrophages**
Note: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood.
39
Hemoglobin is broken down as it is their fate in the body.
What happens to the heme and globin?
**HEME**
* IRON = Hemoglobin's iron is **recycled.**
* Converted to BILIRUBIN = taken by liver and released into small intestine as part of **bile**.
**GLOBIN**
* Broken down into amino acid
40
It is a **yellowish pigment** formed during the breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs). It is a byproduct of the degradation of heme, a component of hemoglobin.
Bilirubin
41
It **lack hemoglobin**. It is larger than erythrocytes and contain a nucleus.
Its function is to **fight infections and remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis.**
**Leukocytes** or **White Blood Cells (WBC)**
Note:
Phagocytosis is also known as cell eating.
42
**Leukocytes are broadly classified into 2** based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm.
What are these?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
43
It **contains specific granules** and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Granulocytes
44
What are the **Three (3) Types of Granulocytes**?
* **N**eutrophils
* **E**osinophils
* **B**asophils
*REMEMBER THE ACRONYM **NEB***
45
It is the **most common**. It remain in blood for **10 to 12 hours** then move to tissues.
Perform **phagocytosis** to engulf and destroy pathogens.
**Neutrophils**
Note: They are the **first responders to bacterial infections.**
46
It **reduces inflammation and destroy parasites**.
**Eosinophils**
Note: They are the one that **defend our body against parasitic infections**.
47
It is the **least common**. Release **histamine, heparin**, and other chemicals during allergic responses.
**Basophils**
Note:
* Histamine is for allergic reaction.
* Heparin is anti-coagulant.
48
It is a type of leukocytes that has **no specific granules**.
Agranulocytes
49
What are the **2 Types of Agranulocytes**?
**M**onocytes and **L**ymphocytes
*REMEMBER THE ACRONYM **ML***
50
It is the **largest sized white blood cells**. Produces **macrophages** and perform phagocytosis.
Monocytes
51
It is a type of Agranulocytes for **immune response**. It has several different types (T cells and B cells) fr fighting bacteria and virus.
It lead to production of **antibodies** when an foreign substances enters the body.
Lymphocytes
52
These are **small, cell-like** structures in the blood that play a crucial role in **hemostasis (stopping bleeding) and wound healing.**
Platelets
53
Unlike other blood cells, platelets are **not true cells**; they are fragments of a larger cell type called a __________, which resides in the red bone marrow.
megakaryocyte
54
Blood that is lost must be replaced by production of new blood or by a ________.
transfusion
55
There are three key steps of **hemostasis**, the process by which the body stops bleeding and stabilizes a damaged blood vessel.
What are the **3 mechanism in preventing blood loss**?
* Vascular spasms
* Platelet plugs
* Blood clotting (coagulation)
56
It is an immediate but temporary **constriction of a blood vessel** that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts.
This constriction can close small vessels completely and stop the flow of blood through them.
**Vascular spasms**
Note: It is stimulated by chemicals released by cells of the damaged blood vessel wall and by platelets.
57
A **temporary "plug" formed by platelets** at the site of injury to seal small breaks in blood vessels.
**Platelet Plug**
STEPS:
1. Adhesion
* Platelets stick to exposed **collagen fibers** in the damaged vessel wall.
* This process is mediated by **von Willebrand factor (vWF).**
2. Activation
* Platelets **become activated, changing shape (from round to spiky) and release chemicals (ADP, thromboxane, serotonin).**
3. Aggregation
* Platelets bind to each other via **fibrinogen** bridges, forming a platelet plug.
58
Blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel. This process is called what?
Blood Clotting
59
Blood clot is a network of **thread-like proteins** called _______ that trap blood cells and fluids.
**fibrin**
Note: Clot depends on clotting factors.
60
What are the **Clotting Factors**?
* Proteins in plasma
* Only activated following injury
* Made in liver
* Require vitamin K
61
What are the Steps in Clot Formation?
* Injury to a blood vessel causes the **release of thromboplastin** (due to exposed connective tissue).
* Thromboplastin → Prothrombinase (clotting factor)
* Prothrombinase → Prothrombin (inactive)
* Prothrombin (inactive) → Thrombin (active form)
* Thrombin activates fibrinogen so that it will become fibrin (its active form)
* Fibrin forms a network that traps **blood (clots)**.
62
It is the **classification of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).** These antigens determine a person's blood type and play a crucial role in safe blood transfusions, organ transplants, and other medical procedures.
Blood Grouping
63
Injury or surgery can lead to a ________.
Blood transfusion
64
It occurs when the immune system attacks transfused blood due to **incompatibility between donor and recipient blood types.**
Causes:
* Mismatch in ABO or Rh blood group systems.
* Presence of foreign antigens on donor blood cells.
**Transfusion reactions**
Note: One of its effects is Agglutination (clumping of red blood cells).
65
It is the **clumping of red blood cells (RBCs)** that occurs when antibodies bind to incompatible antigens on the surface of RBCs.
Example:
* If Type A blood (with A antigens) is transfused into a Type B recipient (with anti-A antibodies), it can occurs, leading to a transfusion reaction.
Agglutination
66
They are **molecules on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes)** that trigger an immune response if they are recognized as foreign.
Antigens
67
These are **proteins in plasma** that recognize and bind to foreign antigens.
Antibodies
68
They are **determined / named by the (antigen) ABO system and Rh factor**.
Blood Groups
69
What blood is the **universal donor**?
Type O
70
What blood is the **universal recipient**?
Type AB (specifically AB positive)
71
Blood Donor and Recipient According to ABO Blood Types
* **Type A** can receive A and O blood
* **Type B** can receive B and O blood
* **Type AB** can receive A, B, AB blood
* **Type O** can only receive O blood
72
Determines whether the blood type is positive (+) or negative (-).
Rh Factor
73
If we are testing for the blood type: A, B, Rh (to know if positive or negative)
RESULT:
A: reacts
B: none
Rh: none
**What is the blood type based on the result?**
A-
74
What is the rule if your blood type is negative?
Example: A-
Negative can donate to **both positive and negative**.
Example:
* Your blood type: **A-**
* You can donate to: **A** and **AB**
* You can receive from: **A-** and **O**
75
If we are testing for the blood type: A, B, Rh (to know if positive or negative)
RESULT:
A: reacts
B: none
Rh: reacts
**What is the blood type based on the result?**
A+
76
What is the rule if your blood type is positive?
Example: A+
Positive can donate to **positive only**.
Example:
* Your blood type: **A+**
* You can donate to: **A+** and **AB+**
* You can receive from: **A+** and **O**
77
It occurs when a mother and her fetus have different Rh blood types, specifically when the **mother is Rh-negative (Rh-) and the fetus is Rh-positive (Rh+)**. This difference can cause complications during pregnancy, particularly in subsequent pregnancies.
Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy
78
**Rh** stands for
**Rhesus factor**
79
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
**What Causes Rh Incompatibility?**
**Maternal and fetal blood mixing:**
* During pregnancy, childbirth, miscarriage, or medical procedures, a small amount of fetal blood may enter the mother's bloodstream.
* If the fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, the mother's immune system recognizes the Rh antigen as foreign and produces **anti-Rh antibodies.**
**Sensitization:**
* Once sensitized, the mother’s immune system "remembers" Rh antigens.
* In a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus, her anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetus's red blood cells.
80
It is a condition in which a mother’s immune system attacks the red blood cells of her fetus. This occurs due to **incompatibility between the mother’s and fetus’s blood types**, most commonly involving the **Rh factor**.
**Erythroblastosis Fetalis**, also known as **Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)**
**Symptoms in the Fetus or Newborn** (2nd Baby)
Before Birth:
* Enlarged liver and spleen.
* Severe anemia.
* Fluid accumulation (hydrops fetalis).
After Birth:
* Severe jaundice. Liver is damaged. Baby will not last long because of this.
* Pale or swollen appearance.
* Difficulty breathing.
* Heart failure.
81
It is a medication used to prevent Rh incompatibility-related complications in pregnancy. It is an injectable **immune globulin** containing antibodies that target the Rh (D) antigen, preventing the mother's immune system from becoming sensitized to Rh-positive fetal blood cells.
**RhoGAM** (short for Rho(D) Immune Globulin)
Note: That's why some baby's are called rhogam baby.
