respiratory system

Question 1

pathway of air

Answer 1

mouth/nose > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchiols > alveoli

Question 2

whats happens to air during exercise?

Answer 2

3% dissolves into plasma 97% comines with the haemoglobin making oxyhaemoglobin

Question 3

what does tidal volume mean?

Answer 3

volume of air breathed in or out per breath. (0.5 litres)

Question 4

what does inspiratory reserve volume mean?

Answer 4

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath. (3 litres)

Question 5

what does residual volume mean?

Answer 5

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration. (1.2 litres) STAY THE SAME

Question 6

what does minute ventilation mean?
and how is it calculated?

Answer 6

volume of air breathed in or out per minute. (6 litres)
big increase during exercise
=tidal volume x breathing rate

Question 7

what does expiratory reserve volume mean?

Answer 7

volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath. (1.3 litres) decreases after continous exercise

Question 8

function of respiratory system?

Answer 8

1. getting air into and out the lungs
2. gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood
3. transport gasses

Question 9

what does diffusion mean?

Answer 9

the movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration/partial pressure to an are on low concentration/partial pressure

Question 10

what does gaseous exchnage mean?

Answer 10

the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 11

structure of alveoli?

Answer 11

1. 1 cell thick
2. large surface area
3. lots of cappilaries surrounding

Question 12

when breathing in what happens to the ribs and diaphram

Answer 12

rig cage moves upwards and outwards
diaphram contracts and is pulled flat

Question 13

when breathing out what happens to the ribs and diaphram

Answer 13

rib cage drops
diaphgram relaxes into dome shape

Question 14

define total lung capacity?
and how is it calculated?

Answer 14

the amount of air the lung can contain at the height of maximum inspiratory effort
calculated by adding vital capacity of the lungs to residual volume

Question 15

A sedentary lifestyle?

Answer 15

A lifestyle with little to no regular activity

Question 16

What does smoking do to the respiratory system?

Answer 16

Cause irritation of the trachea and bronchi
Reduces lung function and increases breathlessness caused by swelling and narrowing of the lugs airways

Question 17

What does cigarette smoke do?

Answer 17

Damage the celll lining, the trachea bronchi and bronchioles
Therefore the cells cannot push out mucus from the lungs
When the cells are damaged excess mucus builds up
Leads to smokers cough

Question 18

How is ventilation controlled?

Answer 18

Nervous system increase or decrease the rate and depth of breathing

Question 19

What two systems is ventilation controlled by?

Answer 19

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
SNS - prepares body for exercise, increases HR
PNS - reduces body back to its resting levels, lowers breathing rate

Question 20

Where does the inspiratory Centre receive info from?

Answer 20

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors

Question 21

How do baroreceptors affect breathing rate?

Answer 21

When a decrease in BP detected by baro in aorta, cartridge arteries results in a increase in BR

Question 22

What do proprioceptors do? (to do with increased breathing rate)

Answer 22

they detect muscle movements by sending a impulse through the SNS which increases BR as the muscles need more oxygen

Question 23

What does the inspiratory Centre do?

Answer 23

Sends nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to inspiratory muscles (diaphragm) causes them to contract for 2 seconds then impulse’s stop

Question 24

What muscles are involved during inspiration breathing at rest?

Answer 24

Diaphragm
External intercostals

Question 25

What muscles are involved during inspiration during exercise?

Answer 25

Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis major

Question 26

What muscles are used during expiration while at rest?

Answer 26

Diaphragm and external intercostals but they just relax instead of contract

Question 27

What muscles are used during expiration during exercise?

Answer 27

Internal intercostals
Abdominals

Question 28

What is the definition of ventilation?

Answer 28

Getting air into and out of the lungs

Question 29

Where is the partial pressure of c02 high?

Answer 29

Muscles (and blood)

Question 30

What nerve sends impulses down for inspiration?

Answer 30

Phrenic nerve to diaphragm and external intercostals to increase breathing rate

Question 31

What is the nerve that sends impulses down for expiration?

Answer 31

Intercostal nerve, to abdominals and internal intercostals to increase expiration

Question 32

Why is the partial pressure of 02 higher in alveoli then the pp of 02 in blood?

Answer 32

02 has been removed in the blood by working muscles so the concentration of 02 in blood is lower, so pp is lower.

Question 33

Is there a high or low pp of c02 in the muscles and what happens with the co2?

Answer 33

There is a high amount, the c02 will diffuse into blood creating more diffusion

Question 34

What do stretch receptors do?

Answer 34

Prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to expiratory Centre

Question 35

Functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 35

-getting air into and out of the lungs
-gaseous exchange between lungs and blood
-transport of gases

Question 36

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?

Answer 36

Decreases

Question 37

What happens to expiratory reserve during exercise?

Answer 37

Small decrease

Question 38

What is COPD?

Answer 38

When the alveoli’s walls break down and join together forming larger air spaces than normal