respiratory system Flashcards
pathway of air
mouth/nose > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchiols > alveoli
whats happens to air during exercise?
3% dissolves into plasma 97% comines with the haemoglobin making oxyhaemoglobin
what does tidal volume mean?
volume of air breathed in or out per breath. (0.5 litres)
what does inspiratory reserve volume mean?
volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath. (3 litres)
what does residual volume mean?
volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration. (1.2 litres) STAY THE SAME
what does minute ventilation mean?
and how is it calculated?
volume of air breathed in or out per minute. (6 litres)
big increase during exercise
=tidal volume x breathing rate
what does expiratory reserve volume mean?
volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath. (1.3 litres) decreases after continous exercise
function of respiratory system?
- getting air into and out the lungs
- gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood
- transport gasses
what does diffusion mean?
the movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration/partial pressure to an are on low concentration/partial pressure
what does gaseous exchnage mean?
the movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air
structure of alveoli?
- 1 cell thick
- large surface area
- lots of cappilaries surrounding
when breathing in what happens to the ribs and diaphram
rig cage moves upwards and outwards
diaphram contracts and is pulled flat
when breathing out what happens to the ribs and diaphram
rib cage drops
diaphgram relaxes into dome shape
define total lung capacity?
and how is it calculated?
the amount of air the lung can contain at the height of maximum inspiratory effort
calculated by adding vital capacity of the lungs to residual volume
A sedentary lifestyle?
A lifestyle with little to no regular activity
What does smoking do to the respiratory system?
Cause irritation of the trachea and bronchi
Reduces lung function and increases breathlessness caused by swelling and narrowing of the lugs airways
What does cigarette smoke do?
Damage the celll lining, the trachea bronchi and bronchioles
Therefore the cells cannot push out mucus from the lungs
When the cells are damaged excess mucus builds up
Leads to smokers cough
How is ventilation controlled?
Nervous system increase or decrease the rate and depth of breathing
What two systems is ventilation controlled by?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
SNS - prepares body for exercise, increases HR
PNS - reduces body back to its resting levels, lowers breathing rate
Where does the inspiratory Centre receive info from?
Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors
How do baroreceptors affect breathing rate?
When a decrease in BP detected by baro in aorta, cartridge arteries results in a increase in BR
What do proprioceptors do? (to do with increased breathing rate)
they detect muscle movements by sending a impulse through the SNS which increases BR as the muscles need more oxygen
What does the inspiratory Centre do?
Sends nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to inspiratory muscles (diaphragm) causes them to contract for 2 seconds then impulse’s stop
What muscles are involved during inspiration breathing at rest?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
What muscles are involved during inspiration during exercise?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis major
What muscles are used during expiration while at rest?
Diaphragm and external intercostals but they just relax instead of contract
What muscles are used during expiration during exercise?
Internal intercostals
Abdominals
What is the definition of ventilation?
Getting air into and out of the lungs
Where is the partial pressure of c02 high?
Muscles (and blood)
What nerve sends impulses down for inspiration?
Phrenic nerve to diaphragm and external intercostals to increase breathing rate
What is the nerve that sends impulses down for expiration?
Intercostal nerve, to abdominals and internal intercostals to increase expiration
Why is the partial pressure of 02 higher in alveoli then the pp of 02 in blood?
02 has been removed in the blood by working muscles so the concentration of 02 in blood is lower, so pp is lower.
Is there a high or low pp of c02 in the muscles and what happens with the co2?
There is a high amount, the c02 will diffuse into blood creating more diffusion
What do stretch receptors do?
Prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to expiratory Centre
Functions of the respiratory system?
-getting air into and out of the lungs
-gaseous exchange between lungs and blood
-transport of gases
What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise?
Decreases
What happens to expiratory reserve during exercise?
Small decrease
What is COPD?
When the alveoli’s walls break down and join together forming larger air spaces than normal
