Respiratory System

Question 1

Blood carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues. What about CO2?

Answer 1

Blood carries CO2 from peripheral tissues to lungs.

Question 2

What is the function of the alveoli?

Answer 2

increases surface area for gas exchange and circulating blood.

Need to move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs.

Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, and pathogens.

Question 3

Respiratory mucosa is made out of

Answer 3

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar and lamina propria (areolar tissue)

Question 4

Functions of the respiratory defense mechanism include

Answer 4

filtration mechanisms

Gaps that help move mucus to the surface

mucus film - made by mucous (goblet cells)

Question 5

What makes mucus useful?

Answer 5

helpful in trapping pathogens for alveolar macrophages to take care of.

Question 6

External/Internal Nares

Answer 6

Enter and Exit respectively

Question 7

Functions of the Upper Respiratory System:

Answer 7

Airway
Moisten/Warm air
Filter/Clean Air (mucus film traps pathogens)
Resonating chamber (sound)
Olfaction

Question 8

The functioning of the Pharynx involves

Answer 8

3 subdivisions

Oro and Lary subdivisions are stratified squamous epithelium and help with preventing pathogens from food coming into these cavities.

Question 9

What keeps the Trachea always open?

Answer 9

The C shaped nature of the cartilage. When the esophagus needs to expand, the cartilage allows for that.

Question 10

Characteristics of the Epiglottis:

Answer 10

• Elastic
• Bend and deform
• Swallowing: bends over trachea and larynx and will close of the pathway for things to move through these structures
• Helps food down esophagus

Question 11

Sound production:

Answer 11

Air passing through glottis and vibrates vocal folds

Question 12

Voluntary muscles reposition arytenoid cartilages:

Answer 12

Control tension of vocal folds

altering pitch of sound

skeletal which change position to reduct pressure

Question 13

The pitch of the sound depends on

Answer 13

length and tension of vocal folds

Question 14

The volume of the sound depends on

Answer 14

the amount of air rushing through folds.

Question 15

Speech is produced by

Answer 15

Phonation (sound production at larynx) and Articulation

Question 16

The Oral Cavity helps to

Answer 16

moisten the air and trap pathogens unlike the nasal cavity.

Question 17

Characteristics of the trachea

Answer 17

held open so air can go in and out
wind pipe: lets air move further down in the pathway
tough (hyaline cartilage)

Question 18

The trachea contains ______ that contracts and relaxes _____

Answer 18

trachealis, the opening for air flow.

Question 19

What surrounds the mucosa?

Answer 19

submucosa

Question 20

What is the function of the submucosa?

Answer 20

contains tracheal glands that produce mucous secretions

Question 21

Carina creates

Answer 21

two different airways

Question 22

Order of Lower Respiratory System:

Answer 22

Carina > Primary (main) > Secondary (lobar) > Tertiary (segments)

Question 23

What happens as you go down the lower respiratory pathway?

Answer 23

There is less and less cartilage as you get to the alveoli.

Question 24

Sympathetic division deals with _____ and Parasympathetic deals with ______

Answer 24

brochiodialation

bronchioconstriction

Question 25

Terminal bronchioles

Answer 25

makes the end of the conduction division of air flow in the respiratory system

Question 26

Respiratory bronchiole

Answer 26

before exchange of gases respiratory phase starts here leads into alveolar sacs.

Question 27

Characteristics of alveolar sac

Answer 27

has little holes to allow air into the sacs, these little holes are alveolus. Gives greatest surface area. Elastic fibers here allow for stretch and recoil.

Question 28

Pneumocyte Type I

Answer 28

- Simple Squamous - Makes the barrier/wall of the alveolus - Purple

Question 29

Pneumocyte Type II

Answer 29

Makes surfactant to break surface tension Allows for more air to come in

Question 30

Mechanisms of surfactant:

Answer 30

phospholipids, detergent like substance, inflates alveoli- breaks surface tension (water bonds)

Question 31

T/F: is there a thin layer of fluid for surface tension.

Answer 31

T

Question 32

Which lung has 3 lobes?

Answer 32

Right Lung

Question 33

What is the significance of serous membrane being separated?

Answer 33

If one lung fails, the other one can operate.

Question 34

Respiratory exchange surfaces receive deoxygenated blood from

Answer 34

pulmonary arteries

Question 35

Oxygen-rich blood from alveolar capillaries is carried through

Answer 35

pulmonary veins to left atrium

Question 36

Capillaries supplied by bronchial arteries provide

Answer 36

oxygen and nutrients to conducting passageways

Question 37

Pulmonary circuit is under low pressure

Answer 37

implicates that things could get stuck

Question 38

Blood pressure in pulmonary circuit:

Question 39

BP in pulmonary circuit is

Answer 39

lower than that in the systemic circuit

Question 40

Why is the low BP in the pulmonary circuit worrisome?

Answer 40

Pulmonary vessels can get easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles.

Question 41

Respiration includes two integrated processes:

Answer 41

externa/internal respiration

Question 42

External respiration:

Answer 42

all processes involved in exchange of O2 and CO2 with external environment.

Question 43

Apnea

Answer 43

pulmonary ventilation is suspended (lack of air flow)

Question 44

Changing pressure =

Answer 44

change in cavity

Question 45

Boyle's Law

Answer 45

decrease volume of the container, collision occurs more, increasing pressure.

Question 46

Change in pressure leads to air flow, more specifically

Answer 46

high pressure to low pressure

Question 47

pulmonary ventilation causes

Answer 47

volume changes that create changes in pressure

Question 48

Serous membranes are important for

Answer 48

volume changes in the thoracic cavity.

Question 49

What helps hold the lungs to the wall?

Answer 49

pleural fluid- reduces friction

Question 50

Contraction of diaphragm

Answer 50

flattens out- increases thoracic volume, air pressure needs to go down, thoracic cavity needs to expand. (inflation)

Question 51

External internal costal muscles

Answer 51

will lift up ribs and out (inflation)

Question 52

Exhalation is dependent on

Answer 52

elastic fibers of alveoli

Question 53

Forced exhalation/inhalation utilize

Answer 53

accessory muscles.

Question 54

Intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 54

within lungs

Question 55

intrapleural pressure

Answer 55

atmospheric pressure negative relative to the atmosphere

Question 56

Transpulmonary pressure

Answer 56

intrapulmonary - intrapleural pressure

Question 57

Compliance

Answer 57

measurement of expandability (high = good, low = bad)

Question 58

factors that affect compliance

Answer 58

lvl of surfactant production connective tissue of lungs mobility of thoracic cage.

Question 59

Respiratory Rate:

Answer 59

number of breaths per minute

Question 60

Tidal Volume:

Answer 60

amount of air moved per breath

Question 61

Partial Pressure influence movement of

Answer 61

each individual gas

Question 62

Daltons Law:

Answer 62

cares about partial pressures- contributes to total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance.

Question 63

Henry's Laws:

Answer 63

the amount of gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas.

Question 64

When gas under pressure contacts a liquid,

Answer 64

pressure forces gas molecules into solution

Question 65

CO2 easily goes in and out, o2

Answer 65

needs a lot more force. both are leaving at the same rate though.

Question 66

At higher temperatures:

Answer 66

PH of blood will be higher- moves oxygen to tissues that need oxygen, for ex, working out - saturation goes up

Question 67

At lower temperatures,

Answer 67

PH of blood will be lower- less oxygen is released- saturation goes down.

Question 68

When O2 demand rises,

Answer 68

respiratory rates increase under neural control (has voluntary and involuntary components)

Question 69

Dorsal Respiratory Group:

Answer 69

needed for quiet breathing and turns off during passive breathing

Question 70

What does the DRG stimulate?

Answer 70

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 71

Ventral Respiratory Group

Answer 71

activates accessory muscles for forced breathing

Question 72

Inspiratory center:

Answer 72

active during inhalation, inhibits DRG during exhalation and muscles relax

Question 73

Expiratory center

Answer 73

inhibited during inhalation

Question 74

Steps for forced breathing:

Answer 74

Primary + accessory muscles stimulated during inhalation > DRG + VRG of inspiratory center are inhibitied and VRG of expiratory center is activated > muscles relax > DRG and inspiration center of VRG is activated and VRG of expiratory center is inhibited.