Respiratory System Flashcards
Blood carries oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues. What about CO2?
Blood carries CO2 from peripheral tissues to lungs.
What is the function of the alveoli?
increases surface area for gas exchange and circulating blood.
Need to move air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs.
Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, and pathogens.
Respiratory mucosa is made out of
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar and lamina propria (areolar tissue)
Functions of the respiratory defense mechanism include
filtration mechanisms
Gaps that help move mucus to the surface
mucus film - made by mucous (goblet cells)
What makes mucus useful?
helpful in trapping pathogens for alveolar macrophages to take care of.
External/Internal Nares
Enter and Exit respectively
Functions of the Upper Respiratory System:
Airway
Moisten/Warm air
Filter/Clean Air (mucus film traps pathogens)
Resonating chamber (sound)
Olfaction
The functioning of the Pharynx involves
3 subdivisions
Oro and Lary subdivisions are stratified squamous epithelium and help with preventing pathogens from food coming into these cavities.
What keeps the Trachea always open?
The C shaped nature of the cartilage. When the esophagus needs to expand, the cartilage allows for that.
Characteristics of the Epiglottis:
- Elastic
- Bend and deform
- Swallowing: bends over trachea and larynx and will close of the pathway for things to move through these structures
- Helps food down esophagus
Sound production:
Air passing through glottis and vibrates vocal folds
Voluntary muscles reposition arytenoid cartilages:
Control tension of vocal folds
altering pitch of sound
skeletal which change position to reduct pressure
The pitch of the sound depends on
length and tension of vocal folds
The volume of the sound depends on
the amount of air rushing through folds.
Speech is produced by
Phonation (sound production at larynx) and Articulation
The Oral Cavity helps to
moisten the air and trap pathogens unlike the nasal cavity.
Characteristics of the trachea
held open so air can go in and out
wind pipe: lets air move further down in the pathway
tough (hyaline cartilage)
The trachea contains ______ that contracts and relaxes _____
trachealis, the opening for air flow.
What surrounds the mucosa?
submucosa
What is the function of the submucosa?
contains tracheal glands that produce mucous secretions
Carina creates
two different airways
Order of Lower Respiratory System:
Carina > Primary (main) > Secondary (lobar) > Tertiary (segments)
What happens as you go down the lower respiratory pathway?
There is less and less cartilage as you get to the alveoli.
Sympathetic division deals with _____ and Parasympathetic deals with ______
brochiodialation
bronchioconstriction
Terminal bronchioles
makes the end of the conduction division of air flow in the respiratory system
Respiratory bronchiole
before exchange of gases
respiratory phase starts here
leads into alveolar sacs.
Characteristics of alveolar sac
has little holes to allow air into the sacs, these little holes are alveolus.
Gives greatest surface area.
Elastic fibers here allow for stretch and recoil.
Pneumocyte Type I
- Simple Squamous
- Makes the barrier/wall of the alveolus
- Purple
Pneumocyte Type II
Makes surfactant to break surface tension
Allows for more air to come in
Mechanisms of surfactant:
phospholipids, detergent like substance, inflates alveoli- breaks surface tension (water bonds)
T/F: is there a thin layer of fluid for surface tension.
T
Which lung has 3 lobes?
Right Lung
What is the significance of serous membrane being separated?
If one lung fails, the other one can operate.
Respiratory exchange surfaces receive deoxygenated blood from
pulmonary arteries
Oxygen-rich blood from alveolar capillaries is carried through
pulmonary veins to left atrium
Capillaries supplied by bronchial arteries provide
oxygen and nutrients to conducting passageways
Pulmonary circuit is under low pressure
implicates that things could get stuck
Blood pressure in pulmonary circuit:
BP in pulmonary circuit is
lower than that in the systemic circuit
Why is the low BP in the pulmonary circuit worrisome?
Pulmonary vessels can get easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles.
Respiration includes two integrated processes:
externa/internal respiration
External respiration:
all processes involved in exchange of O2 and CO2 with external environment.
Apnea
pulmonary ventilation is suspended (lack of air flow)
Changing pressure =
change in cavity
Boyle’s Law
decrease volume of the container, collision occurs more, increasing pressure.
Change in pressure leads to air flow, more specifically
high pressure to low pressure
pulmonary ventilation causes
volume changes that create changes in pressure
Serous membranes are important for
volume changes in the thoracic cavity.
What helps hold the lungs to the wall?
pleural fluid- reduces friction
Contraction of diaphragm
flattens out- increases thoracic volume, air pressure needs to go down, thoracic cavity needs to expand. (inflation)
External internal costal muscles
will lift up ribs and out (inflation)
Exhalation is dependent on
elastic fibers of alveoli
Forced exhalation/inhalation utilize
accessory muscles.
Intrapulmonary pressure
within lungs
intrapleural pressure
atmospheric pressure
negative relative to the atmosphere
Transpulmonary pressure
intrapulmonary - intrapleural pressure
Compliance
measurement of expandability (high = good, low = bad)
factors that affect compliance
lvl of surfactant production
connective tissue of lungs
mobility of thoracic cage.
Respiratory Rate:
number of breaths per minute
Tidal Volume:
amount of air moved per breath
Partial Pressure influence movement of
each individual gas
Daltons Law:
cares about partial pressures- contributes to total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance.
Henry’s Laws:
the amount of gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas.
When gas under pressure contacts a liquid,
pressure forces gas molecules into solution
CO2 easily goes in and out, o2
needs a lot more force. both are leaving at the same rate though.
At higher temperatures:
PH of blood will be higher- moves oxygen to tissues that need oxygen, for ex, working out - saturation goes up
At lower temperatures,
PH of blood will be lower- less oxygen is released- saturation goes down.
When O2 demand rises,
respiratory rates increase under neural control (has voluntary and involuntary components)
Dorsal Respiratory Group:
needed for quiet breathing and turns off during passive breathing
What does the DRG stimulate?
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Ventral Respiratory Group
activates accessory muscles for forced breathing
Inspiratory center:
active during inhalation, inhibits DRG during exhalation and muscles relax
Expiratory center
inhibited during inhalation
Steps for forced breathing:
Primary + accessory muscles stimulated during inhalation > DRG + VRG of inspiratory center are inhibitied and VRG of expiratory center is activated > muscles relax > DRG and inspiration center of VRG is activated and VRG of expiratory center is inhibited.
