Exam 1 Flashcards
Functions + characterstics of blood?
regulate PH
restrict fluid loss at injury sites
stabilize body temp
high viscosity
Albumins
brings h20 into bloodstream and keeps BP up.
Globulins
antibodies
transports lipid-soluble molecules in blood
Fibringen
provides framework for blood clot
creates strands
How many heme’s does hemoglobin have?
4
What is so important about heme?
it has Fe2+ for oxygen and CO2 to bind to.
Why can it be bad for CO2 to bind to hemoglobin?
while oxygen can bind reversibly, co2 binds irreversibly and can take up space.
In peripheral capillaries, where 02 is low, hemoglobin
releases o2 and binds co2
In peripheral capillaries, where 02 is high, hemoglobin
releases co2 and binds o2
Erythropoietin (EPO) is secreted where when blood is low?
kidneys
Why is it dangerous for people to engage in blood doping?
Added blood can cause a higher viscosity and lead to blockage.
What part of the blood is not recycled?
heme
What structures are involved in recycling heme?
Bone Marrow > liver > large intestine > kidney > eliminated through urine.
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils > Leukocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils
Neutrophils
most abundant
involved in nonspecific killing
Leukocytes
involved in specific killing
Monocytes
macrophages, engulfs pathogens
Eosinophils
involved in responding to allergies/parasites
Basophils
involved in promoting inflammation.
O blood type has
no surface antigens
A+B antibodies
When GIVING blood, the donor must take into account,
antigens
When RECEIVING blood, the recipient must take into account,
antibodies
Rh + has
surface antibodies
Rh - has
no surface antibodies
Myeloid stem cells
involved in producing all formed elements except WBC
Lymphoid stem cells
involved in producing WBCs
Multi-CSF
produces granulecytes, monocytes, platelets, RBCs
GM-CSF
produces granulecytes
M-CSF
produces monocytes
Blood clotting:
Vascular phase- limits blood leakage, vessels become sticky
Platelets Phase-stick and release granules to attract other platelets (pos feedback)
Coagulation- Passive becomes active, stable blood clot
Extrinsic strands- outside bloodstream- fibrin
intrinsic strands = inside- using factors in blood
Clot Phase- platelets and RBCs stick to fibrin strands and clot retraction begins
Anticoagulants
maintains feedback control of blood clotting (antithrombin-III)
Heparin
produces antithrombin-III -basophil
Thrombomodulin
form platelets, Protein C
Prostacyclin
inhibit platelet aggregation (released by endothelial cells)
Fibrinolysis
dissolving clot- tissue plasminogen activator, produces plasmin
Pulmonary circuit
blood to lungs
Systemic circuit
blood to body
Atria
receives blood from the body
Ventricles
pumps blood to the body
Right Atria
receives blood from systemic circuit
Right Ventricle
pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
Left Atria
Receives blood from pulmonary circuit
Left Ventricle
Pumps blood through systemic circuit
Parietal Pericardium
helps make sure the heart doesnt overflow
holds heart in place
Visceral Pericardium
reduces friction
simple squamous
Myocardium of the heart
heart has twists and turns so when it contracts it pumps out more blood
endocardium
makes it easier for blood to come in and out easier
Pectinate muscles
in atria
helps with contraction
Trabeculae muscles
in ventricles
helps with contractions
Atrioventricular valves (AV) include ____ and separate what?
mitral (left) + tricuspid (right side) and separate the atria from the ventricles.
Semilunar valves (SV) include __ and separate what?
aortic (left) and pulmonary (right) and separates the ventricles from the great arteries
Coronary circulation is important for
ensuring blood gets to the heart
coronary artery ensures that
blood gets to the heart
RCA
> marginal artery > posterior interventricular artery
LCA
> circumflex artery > anterior interventricular artery
Order of Conducting System
SA Node > AV Node (causes delay to help with atria contraction + ventricle filling) > AV Bundle > Bundle Branches > Purkinje Cells
Steps of the Cardiac Cycle:
Ventricular Filling > EDV > Ventricular Systole > Isovolumetric Contraction > Ventricular Ejection > ESV > Ventricular Diastole > Isovolumetric Relaxation.
Ventricular Filling
AV Open, SV Closed
Blood filling
EDV
amount of blood in ventricles at the end of ventricle diastole
Ventricular Systole
AV Closed, SV Closed
Isovolumetric contraction
contraction begins, pressure increases.
SV valves are still closed bc not enough pressure has been built up.
Ventricular Ejection
AV Closed, SV Opened
build pressure until relaxation
ESV
amount of blood in ventricles at the end of ventricle systole
Isovolumetric Relaxation
same amount of blood during this phase
all valves are closed, AV is open, SV is closed.
P wave
leads to depolarization of the atria (contraction)
QRS
depolarization here leads to ventricular systole, repolarization leads to atrial diastole
Stroke Volume
the amount of blood you pumped out (EDV-ESV)
Arteries
Can carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood. pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels with thin walls
location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
need to be lipid-soluble or small
Venules
smallest branches of veins that collect blood from capillaries
Veins
returns blood back to the heart
carries 60% of blood
Tunica intima
smooth muscle cells, not good elasticity
Tunica media
smooth muscle cells, elastic
Tunica externa
connective tissue, elastic
Artery walls have more recoiling for what?
for the blood being pumped in without the wall bursting
Vasoconstriction
constriction of blood vessel
Vasodilation
relaxation of arterial smooth muscle
The contractility of blood vessels is governed by what?
sympathetic division of ANS
Elastic Arteries
greatest elasticity to pump out most blood
Muscular Artery
biggest layer
most of the arteries in the body
Distributes blood all throughout our body.
Fenestrated Capillary
present in kidneys and endocrine organs (hormones need to be able to get into the bloodstream)
Sinusoid Capillaries
makes up the blood-brain barrier
gaps allow for free exchange of proteins, blood, plasma
present in liver and brain
Capacitance vessels
larger diameter, thinner walls, lower blood pressure
As skeletal muscles contract, the valve
closes due to the contraction
Pressure at the beginning and end of the vessel can tell us
how fast the blood is moving
Resistance
force that opposes blood flow.
proportional to the length and inverses proportional to diameter.
The inverse proportion of the resistance and diameter causes
the most change and will cause the most impact on resistance because whatever we change we have it’s to the fourth power.
The longer the blood vessel =
more resistance = harder blood flow
Decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel will
cause resistance to go up
What factors influence total peripheral resistance
autonomic stimulation (sympathetic division)
Hormones
vasoconstriction/dilation
hematocrit
Plaques
Growth
What increases blood pressure?
Increase in blood volume (more pressure in the aorta)
Decrease vessel diameter (constriction)
Increase in viscosity (a ton of formed elements)
Hydrostatic Pressure
Force of a fluid pushing against a vessel wall
Osmotic Pressure
Force that draws water toward a higher solute concentration.
CHP
fluid in the capillary
force pushing outward against the walls of the capillaries (vessel walls)
IHP
fluid in the interstitial space that pushes fluid inward on the vessel wall.
BCOP
force that draws water inward (towards solute (albumin) concentration in blood)
ICOP
solutes in interstitial fluid and draws it outward
Reducing CHP means
less fluid to hit the wall = less filtration and more reabsorption
Increasing BCOP means
reabsorption
Overhydration can lead to
more blood volume and cause filtration to go up and cause BCOP to go down.
Baroreceptors sense changes in
pressure
With an increase of blood pressure, Baroreceptors will
be stimulated > stimulate cardioinhibitory negative feedback.
Decrease of blood pressure will cause baroreceptors
to not be stimulated > cardioacceleratory center stimulated
Chemoreceptors sense changes in
CO2/O2 levels
Pathway of Chemoreceptor pathway of an increase of C02 and decrease of CO2
medulla > cardioacceleratory center + vasomotor center stimulated + cardioinhibitory center inhibited > increased respiratory rate, increased cardiac output, and increased blood pressure.
ADH
stimulates water conservation by the kindeys and peripheral vasoconstriction
Aldosterone
stimulates conservation of sodium by the kidneys
Renin releases ____ which includes which hormones?
angiotensin II
hormones: ADH aldosterone, and thirst stimulation/secretion
Pacemaker cells
Initiate depolarization of the heart
unstable resting membrane potential
Phases of action potential in pacemaker cells
Depolarization – Ca2+ moves into cell
Repolarization – K+ moves out of cell
Hyperpolarization – K+ moves out of cell
Contractile cells
cells contract/shorten to move blood through chambers of the heart
stable resting membrane potential
Phases of action potential in contractile cells:
Depolarization – Na+ moves into cell
Plateau Phase – Ca2+ moves into cell;
K+ moves out of cell
Repolarization – K+ moves out of cell
