Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Functions + characterstics of blood?
A
regulate PH
restrict fluid loss at injury sites
stabilize body temp
high viscosity
2
Q
Albumins
A
brings h20 into bloodstream and keeps BP up.
3
Q
Globulins
A
antibodies
transports lipid-soluble molecules in blood
4
Q
Fibringen
A
provides framework for blood clot
creates strands
5
Q
How many heme’s does hemoglobin have?
A
4
6
Q
What is so important about heme?
A
it has Fe2+ for oxygen and CO2 to bind to.
7
Q
Why can it be bad for CO2 to bind to hemoglobin?
A
while oxygen can bind reversibly, co2 binds irreversibly and can take up space.
8
Q
In peripheral capillaries, where 02 is low, hemoglobin
A
releases o2 and binds co2
9
Q
In peripheral capillaries, where 02 is high, hemoglobin
A
releases co2 and binds o2
10
Q
Erythropoietin (EPO) is secreted where when blood is low?
A
kidneys
11
Q
Why is it dangerous for people to engage in blood doping?
A
Added blood can cause a higher viscosity and lead to blockage.
12
Q
What part of the blood is not recycled?
A
heme
13
Q
What structures are involved in recycling heme?
A
Bone Marrow > liver > large intestine > kidney > eliminated through urine.
14
Q
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
A
Neutrophils > Leukocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils
15
Q
Neutrophils
A
most abundant
involved in nonspecific killing
16
Q
Leukocytes
A
involved in specific killing
17
Q
Monocytes
A
macrophages, engulfs pathogens
18
Q
Eosinophils
A
involved in responding to allergies/parasites
19
Q
Basophils
A
involved in promoting inflammation.
20
Q
O blood type has
A
no surface antigens
A+B antibodies
21
Q
When GIVING blood, the donor must take into account,
A
antigens
22
Q
When RECEIVING blood, the recipient must take into account,
A
antibodies
23
Q
Rh + has
A
surface antibodies
24
Q
Rh - has
A
no surface antibodies
25
Myeloid stem cells
involved in producing all formed elements except WBC
26
Lymphoid stem cells
involved in producing WBCs
27
Multi-CSF
produces granulecytes, monocytes, platelets, RBCs
28
GM-CSF
produces granulecytes
29
M-CSF
produces monocytes
30
Blood clotting:
Vascular phase- limits blood leakage, vessels become sticky
Platelets Phase-stick and release granules to attract other platelets (pos feedback)
Coagulation- Passive becomes active, stable blood clot
Extrinsic strands- outside bloodstream- fibrin
intrinsic strands = inside- using factors in blood
Clot Phase- platelets and RBCs stick to fibrin strands and clot retraction begins
31
Anticoagulants
maintains feedback control of blood clotting (antithrombin-III)
32
Heparin
produces antithrombin-III -basophil
33
Thrombomodulin
form platelets, Protein C
34
Prostacyclin
inhibit platelet aggregation (released by endothelial cells)
35
Fibrinolysis
dissolving clot- tissue plasminogen activator, produces plasmin
36
Pulmonary circuit
blood to lungs
37
Systemic circuit
blood to body
38
Atria
receives blood from the body
39
Ventricles
pumps blood to the body
40
Right Atria
receives blood from systemic circuit
41
Right Ventricle
pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
42
Left Atria
Receives blood from pulmonary circuit
43
Left Ventricle
Pumps blood through systemic circuit
44
Parietal Pericardium
helps make sure the heart doesnt overflow
holds heart in place
45
Visceral Pericardium
reduces friction
simple squamous
46
Myocardium of the heart
heart has twists and turns so when it contracts it pumps out more blood
47
endocardium
makes it easier for blood to come in and out easier
48
Pectinate muscles
in atria
helps with contraction
49
Trabeculae muscles
in ventricles
helps with contractions
50
Atrioventricular valves (AV) include ____ and separate what?
mitral (left) + tricuspid (right side) and separate the atria from the ventricles.
51
Semilunar valves (SV) include __ and separate what?
aortic (left) and pulmonary (right) and separates the ventricles from the great arteries
52
Coronary circulation is important for
ensuring blood gets to the heart
53
coronary artery ensures that
blood gets to the heart
54
RCA
> marginal artery > posterior interventricular artery
55
LCA
> circumflex artery > anterior interventricular artery
56
Order of Conducting System
SA Node > AV Node (causes delay to help with atria contraction + ventricle filling) > AV Bundle > Bundle Branches > Purkinje Cells
57
Steps of the Cardiac Cycle:
Ventricular Filling > EDV > Ventricular Systole > Isovolumetric Contraction > Ventricular Ejection > ESV > Ventricular Diastole > Isovolumetric Relaxation.
58
Ventricular Filling
AV Open, SV Closed
Blood filling
59
EDV
amount of blood in ventricles at the end of ventricle diastole
60
Ventricular Systole
AV Closed, SV Closed
Isovolumetric contraction
contraction begins, pressure increases.
SV valves are still closed bc not enough pressure has been built up.
61
Ventricular Ejection
AV Closed, SV Opened
build pressure until relaxation
62
ESV
amount of blood in ventricles at the end of ventricle systole
63
Isovolumetric Relaxation
same amount of blood during this phase
all valves are closed, AV is open, SV is closed.
64
P wave
leads to depolarization of the atria (contraction)
65
QRS
depolarization here leads to ventricular systole, repolarization leads to atrial diastole
66
Stroke Volume
the amount of blood you pumped out (EDV-ESV)
67
Arteries
Can carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood. pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood.
68
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels with thin walls
location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
need to be lipid-soluble or small
69
Venules
smallest branches of veins that collect blood from capillaries
70
Veins
returns blood back to the heart
carries 60% of blood
71
Tunica intima
smooth muscle cells, not good elasticity
72
Tunica media
smooth muscle cells, elastic
73
Tunica externa
connective tissue, elastic
74
Artery walls have more recoiling for what?
for the blood being pumped in without the wall bursting
75
Vasoconstriction
constriction of blood vessel
76
Vasodilation
relaxation of arterial smooth muscle
77
The contractility of blood vessels is governed by what?
sympathetic division of ANS
78
Elastic Arteries
greatest elasticity to pump out most blood
79
Muscular Artery
biggest layer
most of the arteries in the body
Distributes blood all throughout our body.
80
Fenestrated Capillary
present in kidneys and endocrine organs (hormones need to be able to get into the bloodstream)
81
Sinusoid Capillaries
makes up the blood-brain barrier
gaps allow for free exchange of proteins, blood, plasma
present in liver and brain
82
Capacitance vessels
larger diameter, thinner walls, lower blood pressure
83
As skeletal muscles contract, the valve
closes due to the contraction
84
Pressure at the beginning and end of the vessel can tell us
how fast the blood is moving
85
Resistance
force that opposes blood flow.
proportional to the length and inverses proportional to diameter.
86
The inverse proportion of the resistance and diameter causes
the most change and will cause the most impact on resistance because whatever we change we have it's to the fourth power.
87
The longer the blood vessel =
more resistance = harder blood flow
88
Decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel will
cause resistance to go up
89
What factors influence total peripheral resistance
autonomic stimulation (sympathetic division)
Hormones
vasoconstriction/dilation
hematocrit
Plaques
Growth
90
What increases blood pressure?
Increase in blood volume (more pressure in the aorta)
Decrease vessel diameter (constriction)
Increase in viscosity (a ton of formed elements)
91
Hydrostatic Pressure
Force of a fluid pushing against a vessel wall
92
Osmotic Pressure
Force that draws water toward a higher solute concentration.
93
CHP
fluid in the capillary
force pushing outward against the walls of the capillaries (vessel walls)
94
IHP
fluid in the interstitial space that pushes fluid inward on the vessel wall.
95
BCOP
force that draws water inward (towards solute (albumin) concentration in blood)
96
ICOP
solutes in interstitial fluid and draws it outward
97
Reducing CHP means
less fluid to hit the wall = less filtration and more reabsorption
98
Increasing BCOP means
reabsorption
99
Overhydration can lead to
more blood volume and cause filtration to go up and cause BCOP to go down.
100
Baroreceptors sense changes in
pressure
101
With an increase of blood pressure, Baroreceptors will
be stimulated > stimulate cardioinhibitory negative feedback.
102
Decrease of blood pressure will cause baroreceptors
to not be stimulated > cardioacceleratory center stimulated
103
Chemoreceptors sense changes in
CO2/O2 levels
104
Pathway of Chemoreceptor pathway of an increase of C02 and decrease of CO2
medulla > cardioacceleratory center + vasomotor center stimulated + cardioinhibitory center inhibited > increased respiratory rate, increased cardiac output, and increased blood pressure.
105
ADH
stimulates water conservation by the kindeys and peripheral vasoconstriction
106
Aldosterone
stimulates conservation of sodium by the kidneys
107
Renin releases ____ which includes which hormones?
angiotensin II
hormones: ADH aldosterone, and thirst stimulation/secretion
108
Pacemaker cells
Initiate depolarization of the heart
unstable resting membrane potential
109
Phases of action potential in pacemaker cells
Depolarization – Ca2+ moves into cell
Repolarization – K+ moves out of cell
Hyperpolarization – K+ moves out of cell
110
Contractile cells
cells contract/shorten to move blood through chambers of the heart
stable resting membrane potential
111
Phases of action potential in contractile cells:
Depolarization – Na+ moves into cell
Plateau Phase – Ca2+ moves into cell;
K+ moves out of cell
Repolarization – K+ moves out of cell
