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anatomy 1 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of the thorax

A

There are 2 apertures:
-superior thoracic aperture (above the manubrium)
-inferior thoracic aperture

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2
Q

What blood vessels are present in the superior thoracic aperture ?

A

the blood vessels included within the superior thoracic aperture are:

  1. Common carotid arteries (and their bifurcation into internal and external carotid arteries)
  2. Subclavian arteries (and their continuation into the axillary arteries)
  3. Brachiocephalic veins (which form the superior vena cava by their union)
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3
Q

List the contents of the superior thoracic aperture. (11)

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Esophagus
  3. Thoracic duct
  4. Sympathetic trunk
  5. Phrenic nerves
  6. Vagus nerves
  7. Common carotid arteries (and their bifurcation into internal and external carotid arteries)
  8. Subclavian arteries (and their continuation into the axillary arteries)
  9. Brachiocephalic veins (superior vena cava formed by their union)
  10. Thoracic part of the sympathetic chain
  11. Lymphatic vessels and nodes
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4
Q

List the contents of the inferior thoracic aperture

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Azygos vein
  4. Thoracic duct
  5. Vagus nerves
  6. Sympathetic trunk
  7. Greater splanchnic nerves
  8. Abdominal aorta
  9. Thoracic part of the diaphragm
  10. Inferior phrenic arteries and veins
  11. Lymphatic vessels and nodes
  12. Lymphatic trunks (e.g., cisterna chyli)
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5
Q

What are the differences between the superior and inferior margins ?

A

Superior is smooth and the inferior is sharp

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6
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

There are 12

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7
Q

What are the atypical ribs?

A

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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8
Q

What is the significance of rib 1 ?

A

It has a close relationship to lower nerves of the brachial plexus and the main vessels of the arm

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9
Q

List the true, false and floating ribs.

A

True: 1-7
False: 8-10
Floating: 11, 12

All ribs articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae

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10
Q

Give the origin and insertion of the external intercostal muscle

A

Origin- inferior border of ribs
Insertion- superior border of immediate rib below

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11
Q

Give the origin and insertion of the internal intercostal muscle ?

A

Origin - costal groove of ribs
Intsertion - superior border of immediate rib below

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12
Q

Give the origin and insertion of the innermost intercostal muscle

A

Origin - costal groove of ribs
Insertion - superior border of immediate rib below

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13
Q

Give the layering of the intercostals in order

A

Innermost, internal, external

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14
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid do ?

A

Pulls the collarbone (clavicle) and sternum up to enlarge upper chest cavity.

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15
Q

What do the external intercostals do?

A

Narrow the gaps between the ribs making them swing up and out

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16
Q

What do the internal intercostals do ?

A

Pull ribs down for forced exhalation

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17
Q

What causes there to be a change in the vertical diameter of the thoracic cage ?

A
  • diaphragm
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18
Q

What changes the anteroposterior diameter in the thoracic cage ?
*****

A
  • downward sloping ribs raised at sternal end

-

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19
Q

What causes change in the transverse diameter in the thoracic cage ?

A
  • ribs articulate in front with the sternum and behind with vertebral column
  • curve downward and resemble bucket handles
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20
Q

Where is the diaphragm ?

A

-Attached to xiphisternum, costal margin (ribs 11-12), lumbar vertebrae
-separates the thoracic cavity above and the abdominal cavity below

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21
Q

Describe key features of the diaphragm.

A
  • dome shaped
  • consists of :
    • peripheral muscle part
    • centrally placed tendon
  • on contraction, the diaphragm pulls down its central tendon and increases the vertical diameter of the thorax
22
Q

What are the parts that arise form the diaphragm ?

A

They are from the vertebrae and are tendinous in structure, are known as right and left crura

  • right- from L1- L3, some fibres surround the oesophageal opening acting as a sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents in oesophagus
  • left- arises from L1-L2
23
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx called

A
  • nasophanyx
  • oropharnyx
  • laryngopharnx
24
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A
  • curved shelves of bone
  • divides into 4 air channels
  • space below is known as the meatus
  • increases surface area of air during inspiration
25
Q

What are the three conchae called?

A

Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha

26
Q

What are the 4 air channels in nasal conchae called ?

A

Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Supreme meatus

27
Q

What are the different paranasal sinuses ?

A
  • ethmoidal cells
  • sphenoid
  • maxillary
  • frontal
28
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

Respiratory mucosa, ciliated and mucous secreting cells

29
Q

What’s the function of the paranasal sinuses ?

A

Lighten weight of head
humidify and heat inhaled air
Increase resonance of speech
Protect vital structures in event of facial trauma

30
Q

What is the largest paranasal opening? And what does this mean in terms of drainage ?

A
  • maxillary
  • allows for drainage of mucus into nasal cavity to maintain health and prevent conditions (eg. Sinusitis)
31
Q

What are tonsils ?

A

Collections of lymphatic tissue located without the pharynx

32
Q

List the tonsils

A
  • pharyngeal
  • tubal (x2)
  • palatine (x2)
  • lingual
33
Q

What is the arrangement of tonsils and their key function ?

A
  • waldeyers ring
  • first line of defence against pathogens entering through the nasopharynx or oropharnyx
34
Q

Describe the arrangement of tonsils

A

-Pharyngeal at the top
-tubal just below, both parallel
- palatine below tubal and above lingual also parallel
- lingual at the very bottom

35
Q

What are the three largest cartilages in the larynx ?

A

Cricoid
Thyroid
Epiglottis

36
Q

What are the three smaller cartilages in the larynx ?

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

37
Q

What does the larynx consist of?

A

3 large unpaired cartilages
3 smaller cartilages
A fibre elastic membrane
Numerous intrinsic muscles

38
Q

What is a key feature of the larynx ?

A

Suspended from hyoid bone and is highly mobile

39
Q

What makes up the bronchial tree ?

A

Trachea
L +R main bronchus
Carina
Left lobar bronchi
Right lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi

40
Q

What is the name of the muscle that bridges the cartilage in the trachea ?

A

Trachealis muscle also know as the annular ligament

41
Q

Present the bronchial tree flowchart

A

Main bronchus
- secondary bronchus (lobar)
- tertiary bronchus (segmental)
- terminal bronchus
- bronchioles
- alveolar

42
Q

What is the pleura ?

A

-smooth membrane which secretes serous fluid
-2 membranes of epithelial cells
-line and enclose body cavities
-parietal (lines body walls) and visceral (lines organs or ‘visceral’) layers
-reflections of serous membranes form ‘potential spaces’

  • pleural, pericardial and peritoneal membranes
43
Q

What are the three types of pleura and what are their differences ?

A

Pleural cavity - inside the sac
Parietal pleural - external lining of sac
Visceral pleural - internal lining of sac

44
Q

Label the divisions of parietal pleura.

A

1 cervical
2 costal
3 diaphragmatic
4 mediastinal
5 pulmonary ligament

45
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Potential space between costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura

Only occupied by lungs during inspiration

46
Q

What is the costomediastinal recess ?

A

-Between costal and mediastinal parietal pleura
-Occupied by anterior border of lungs during inspiration

47
Q

Label lung fissure and lobes

A
48
Q

Label the surfaces and borders of the lungs

A
49
Q

What is the lung root ?

A

Root of each lung is a short, tubular collection of structures attaching the lung to the mediastinum

Covered by a sleeve of mediastinal pleura that reflects onto the surface of the lungs

50
Q

What does the lung root contain ?

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins (2)
Main bronchus
Bronchial vessels
Nerves and lymphatics

51
Q

Where are the components in the hilum located in respect to the body ?

A

Pulmonary arteries superior
Pulmonary veins inferior
Bronchi posterior

anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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