Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the Nasal Cavity
This is the first place where the air enters the body
What is the Epiglottis
A small flap of skin/cartilage at the back of the throat.
What is Pharynx
This is also known as your throat
What is Larynx
This is also known as your voice box
What is Trachea
This is also known as the windpipe
What is the bronchus
Carries air to the lungs.
What is the Bronchioles
Small airways that extend from the Bronchi and connect to the Bronchi.
What is the lungs
The organs that allow oxygen to be taken into the body
What is the alveoli
Also known as out air sacs
What is the Diaphragm
The flat muscles that pulls down to open up the chest cavity.
What is the thoracic cavity
The chamber of the chest that is protected by the rib cage.
What are the internal intercostal muscles
- Lie inside the rib cage.
- Draw the ribs downwards and inwards.
- Decreases the volume of the chest cavity and forces air out of the lungs when breathing out.
What are external intercostal muscles
- Lie outside the rib cage.
- Pull the ribs upwards and outwards.
- Increases the volume of the chest cavity and draws air into the lungs when breathing in.
What is inspiration
-This is the process of breathing air into the lungs.
-The intercostal muscles contract between the ribs, lift the ribs upwards and outwards, so the diaphragm is forced downwards.
-Pressure inside the chest drops which results in air being drawn into the lungs.
What is Expiration
-This is when air is being let out of the lungs.
-The intercostal muscles relax which makes the rib cage move downwards and inwards.
-Pressure inside the lungs increases, and the air is pushed out of the lungs.
Define Gaseous extchange
-The process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries,
-while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli.
Explain Gaseous extchange when breathing
-The process by which one type of gas is exchanged for another.
-In the lungs – occurs by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries.
-Capillaries surround the walls of the alveoli.
-The process delivers oxygen into and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.
-As we breathe in the alveoli inflate, increasing their capacity for inhaled air and their surface area.
-Oxygen comes from inhaled air. CO2 is released through expiration.
What is diffusion
-Diffusion occurs from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.
What is the protein that the red blood cell membrane latches onto
Haemoglobin
How are the alveoli adapted
-They are folded, this provides a much greater surface area
-The walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick, shortening the diffusion distance across which gases have to move
-Each alveolus is surrounded by blood capillaries which ensure a good blood supply
-Each alveolus is ventilated, removing waste carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen levels in the alveolar air
- Alveoli have a film of moisture which aids diffusion, making it easier for particles to diffuse
Define respiratory rate
Your respiratory rate is the amount of air you breathe in one minute.
What is tidal volume
Tidal volume is the term used to describe the volume of air breathed in and out with each breath
What is vital capacity
Vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after maximal inspiration
What is the inspiratory reserve volume
The maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs after normal inspiration
What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration
What is the medulla oblongata
-Located in the middle of the brain
-Responsible for involuntary functions such as breathing, heart beat and sneezing.
Explain how neural controls breathing
-Inspiration is an active process as the diaphragm muscle is actively contracting which causes air to enter the lungs
-Expiration is a passive process as the diaphragm muscle relaxes to allow air to exit the lungs. This process is controlled by neurones (cells that conduct nerve impulses) in the brain stem
Explain how chemicals control breathing
-Other factors that control breathing are the continually changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
-Sensors responding to such chemical fluctuations are called chemoreceptors
-These are found in the medulla and in the aortic arch and carotid arteries
-These chemoreceptors detect changes in blood carbon dioxide levels as well as changes in blood acidity and send signals to the medulla that will make changes to breathing rates
What are the responses on the respiratory system
-Increased breathing rate
-Increased Tidal Volume
Explain the response of increased breathing rate to exercise
During exercise, your muscles demands more oxygen, and then the increase in carbon dioxide stimulates faster and deeper breathing
Explain the response of increased tidal volume to exercise
During exercise, tidal volume increases to allow more air to pass through the lungs. Tidal volume is elevated by both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Because of the lack of oxygen, this triggers a deeper tidal volume to help cope with the change
Explain an adaptation
