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ICU nursing > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscles
Scalene muscles
Sternocleidomastoids

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2
Q

What muscles are involved in expiration?

A

Internal intercostals
External and internal obliques
Rectus and transversus abdominus

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3
Q

What muscle is this?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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4
Q

What muscle group is this?

A

Scalene muscles

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5
Q

Name the areas of the diaphragm

A
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6
Q

What are pulmonary surfactants?

A

Complex of lipids and proteins that line the alveoli to lower surface tension (keeps airways dry), and keep alveoli from collapsing when air is exhaled preventing atelectasis during breathing

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7
Q

What is SpO2?

A

Peripheral blood oxygen saturation levels
Measures the oxygen carrying capacity of the haemoglobin in the blood

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8
Q

What is SaO2?

A

saturation of oxygen in arterial blood in ABG analysis

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9
Q

What is PaO2?

A

pressure exerted by oxygen on the arterial wall shown in ABG analysis

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10
Q

What is tidal volume? and what is the normal amount?

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.

It measures around 500 mL in an average healthy adult male and approximately 400 mL in a healthy female

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11
Q

What causes hypercapnia?

A

Alveolar hypoventilation from slowed resp rate and decreased tidal volume, or from gas trapping and obstructed airflow

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12
Q

What measurements determine alveolar ventilation

A

Respiratory rate x tidal volume

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13
Q

What is PEEP?

A

Positive end expiratory pressure is a pressure applied by the ventilator at the end of each breath to ensure that the alveoli are less likely to collapse

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14
Q

What is FRC?

A

Functional Residual Capacity is the volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. It is the combination of residual volume (RV) and the expiratory reserve volume. In a normal individual, this is about 3L.

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15
Q

Label the upper respiratory tract

A
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16
Q

Name the lower respiratory tract

A
16
Q

What is the conducting zone and respiratory zone?

A

conducting zones (nose to bronchioles) form a path for conduction of the inhaled gases and respiratory zone (alveolar duct to alveoli) where the gas exchange takes place

16
Q

What is the function of ciliated epithelium and goblet cells?

A

Ciliated cells form an epithelial lining and provides a propelling force for transport for mucus to keep airways patent. Goblet cells secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer, involved in immunoregulation.

17
Q

What factors precent the lungs from collapsing?

A

surfactant and intrapleural pressure

negative pressure in the pleural cavity is less than the atmospheric pressure, to create a suction to keep the lungs inflated

18
Q

Define elastic recoil

A

The tendency of the lungs to deflate after being stretched during inhalation.
Contributes to FRC

19
Q

Define airway resistance

A

Change in transpulmonary pressure needed to produce a unit flow of gas through lung airways

20
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

Pulmonary compliance is a measure of the lung’s ability to stretch and expand.

Change in pressure when a volume is given

Lung Compliance (C) = Change in Lung Volume (V) / Change in Transpulmonary Pressure {Alveolar Pressure (Palv) – Pleural Pressure (Ppl)}.

21
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure gradient between the inside alveolar pressure and outside pleural pressure.

It mainly measures the force of lung elasticity at each point of respiration.

22
Q

What is static vs dynamic lung compliance?

A

Dynamic - airways + parenchyma (gas exchange areas)
Static - parenchyma only

Diseases that affect static compliance are pneumonia, pleural effusion, atelectasis

Diseases that affect dynamic compliance are asthma, airway obstructions, bronchospasm

23
Q

What is external vs internal vs cellular respiration?

A

External respiration, also known as breathing, involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation).

During internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels.

Cellular respiration is when glucose is broken down to make ATP.

24
Q

What is the muscular mechanism and pressure changes for breathing?

A

When the lungs inhale, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. At the same time, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs.
When the lungs exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases. As a result, the lungs contract and air is forced out

25
Q

What is the average lung capacity in a health adult?

A

6 litres

26
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic body (on aortic arch) and cartoid body (outside bifurcation of carotids)

27
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Transmit information about oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels

28
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Medulla and pons

29
Q

Side effects and mechanism for salbutamol?

A

Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle cells to dilate the airways

Short acting

Tachycardia, nausea, tremors, anxiety

30
Q

Mechanism and side effects of ipratropium bromide?

A

Bronchodilation
Anticholinergic - blocks secretions

Long acting

side effects: dry mouth, throat/nasal irritation,

31
Q

Mechanism and side effects of steroids?

A

Acts in nucleus to stop DNA producing inflammatory chemicals

Side effects:
High BSL (stops insulin working + pulls glucose from adipose tissue)
Osteoporosis
Weight gain (water weight)

ICU nursing (10 decks)

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