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Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Bachmann bundle

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2
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Left bundle branch

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3
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Left anterior fasicle

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4
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Left posterior fasicle

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5
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Purkinje fibers

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6
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Right bundle branch

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7
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Bundle of His

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8
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Atrioventricular node

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9
Q

Name this part of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node

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10
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

When sodium rushes inside the cell, making the cell positively charged, and causes contraction of the cell

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11
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

When a cell returns to its resting negative state after the sodium is released from inside the cell

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12
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
Pericardium

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13
Q

What does sound 1 represent

A

Tricuspid and mitral valve snap shut after blood enters the ventricles

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14
Q

What does sound 2 represent

A

Pulmonic and aortic valves snap shut

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15
Q

What is heart systole

A

Between S1 and S2 when blood is pumped to the whole body

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16
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Left coronary artery

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17
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Circumflex artery

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18
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Left anterior descending artery

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19
Q

Which artery is this?

A

Right coronary artery

20
Q

What determines cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Heart rate x stroke volume

21
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In the carotid sinuses

22
Q

What is blood pressure determined by?

A

△P = Q x R
Q - flow
R - resistance

Flow/ cardiac output = HR x SV

23
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

The Frank-Starling mechanism is a physiological principle that explains how the heart responds to changes in venous return.

Increases in venous return cause the heart’s chambers to fill with more blood, which then causes the heart to stretch and contract more forcefully, and pump more blood out to the rest of the body.

24
Q

What affects MVO2?

A

Supply
- O2 carrying capacity
- coronary blood flow (vascular resistance)

Demand
- systolic wall tension
- contractility
- heart rate

25
Describe the RAAS process
Decrease in BP and fluid volume recognised by baroreceptors Liver releases angiotensinogen Kidney releases renin Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I ACE released from lungs ACE converts angiotensin I to II Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone and also acts as a vasoconstricter Aldosterone acts on kidneys to reabsorb salt and water.
26
Mechanism, indications and side effects for beta blockers?
Slow heart rate and vasodilate. Indications: Angina, heart failure, hypertension, tachycardia Side effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias
27
Mechanism, indications and side effects for nitrates?
Vasodilation improves coronary artery supply Indications: angina caused by heart disease Side effects: dizziness, headache, flushing
28
Mechanism, indications and side effects for ACE inhibitors?
Prevents RAAS process for vasoconstriction. Indications: hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, CKD Side effects: dry cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension, headache
29
Mechanism, indications and side effects for calcium channel blockers?
Block calcium channels to reduce contractions in cardiac and vascular smooth muscles Improves oxygen delivery to heart by reducing demand and increasing supply (relaxes coronary arteries) Indications: cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, angina Side effects: headache, dizziness, flushes, peripheral oedema, hypotension AVOID grapefruit
30
What does chronotropy refer to?
Relating to heart rate
31
What does inotropy refer to?
Relating to heart contractility
32
What is cardiac preload?
The amount of stretch exerted on the walls of the ventricle at the end of diastole Degree of stretch at end-diastole determines the force of contraction
33
Factors that influence preload?
Circulating blood volume Central venous return (think of factors influencing blood pressure) Regurgitant heart valves Atrial systole "booster pump"
34
What changes occur in increased and decreased preload?
Increased: Increase SV / CO Increase ventricular work Increase MVO2 Decreased: Decrease SV / CO Decrease ventricular work Decrease MVO2
35
What is cardiac afterload?
Defined as ventricular wall stress The force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood
36
Factors that influence afterload?
Vascular resistance/vasoconstriction Hypertension Stenotic valves Volume of blood ejected Viscosity of blood
37
Factors that increase afterload?
Hypertension Hypothermia Aortic stenosis Haemoconcentration
38
Factors that decrease afterload?
Vasodilators Septic shock Neurogenic shock Anaphylactic shock Haemodilition
39
Implications of increased/decreased afterload?
Increased: Increase workload Increase MVO2 Decrease SV / CO Increase preload Decreased: Decrease workload Decrease MVO2 Increase SV / CO Decrease preload
40
What is the biggest factor that coronary perfusion dependent on?
Diastolic blood pressure - arteries dilated, more flow
41
2 main factors that influence MAP?
CO + systemic vascular resistance
42
Difference between B1 and B2 receptors?
B1: Increases HR Increases contractility Increases speed conduction B2: Vasodilation of arteries and veins
43
What are a1 receptors responsible for?
Vasoconstriction of arteries - increases SVR and BP Vasoconstriction of veins - increases venous return and preload
44
What is vagal stimulation associated with?
Decrease in heart rate
45
What should SBP be at least if you can palpate radial, femoral and carotid?
Radial - 80 Femoral - 70 Carotid - 60
46
What is lusitropy
Rate of myocyte relaxation
47
What is dromotropy
Conduction of impulse (velocity)

ICU nursing (10 decks)

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