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respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

4 physiological systems involved in sound production

A
  1. respiratory system: driving force behind voicing; required for all sounds
  2. laryngeal system: provides voicing through vocal fold vibration, only active for voiceless sounds
  3. velopharyngeal system: responsible for whether air is released through nasal passages or not; active for non-nasals
  4. articulatory system: makes us intelligible, allows us to produce our sounds
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2
Q

trachea

A

long trunk branching into bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli; C-shaped cartilage called tracheal rings, trachealis muscle in the back

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3
Q

bronchi

A

2: right and left;
right is straighter than left, making it more susceptible to aspiration
bronchial tubes lined with mucosa to filter air

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4
Q

bronchioles

A

smaller and skinnier than bronchi; successive bifurcations, meaning they keep splitting; as tubes get narrower, air resistance increases; to ease this, tubes are shorter

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5
Q

alveoli

A

air filled sacs surrounded by capillaries; thin-walls allow for easy exchange of gases; irregular in shape and hollow in center; increase surface area to optimize exchange of O2 and CO2

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6
Q

lungs

A

2 lungs, right and left; left lung has 2 lobes and a tongue-shaped lingula; right lung has 3 lobes and is larger and heavier but shorter, due to diaphragm pushing into it from being pushed up by the liver

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7
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle aiding breathing

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8
Q

Henry’s Law

A

gases move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

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9
Q

steps of basic inhalation

A

inhale, ribs expand, bigger space in lungs meaning lower pressure, air rushes in, higher concentration of O2 in alveoli than in capillaries, O2 diffuses into capillaries, higher concentration of CO2 in capillaries than in alveoli, CO2 diffuses into alveoli, ribs descend, smaller space meaning higher pressure, air rushes out

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10
Q

high-altitude adaptations

A

increased number of alveoli and more vascular growth leading to more efficient intake of oxygen

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11
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals, diaphragm

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12
Q

muscles of quiet expiration

A

none - external intercostals and diaphragm relax

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13
Q

muscles of forced expiration

A

abdominals and internal intercostals

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14
Q

REL

A

resting expiratory level; point in respiratory cycle where forces of the lungs and ribcage are in balance; lungs want to shrink and ribcage wants to expand; due to pleural linkage, they balance each other out

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15
Q

checking action

A

controlling the descent of the ribcage to speak on a controlled amount of air

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16
Q

when above REL…

A

engage active inspiratory forces, external intercostals and diaphragm, to counteract passive expiratory forces

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17
Q

when below REL…

A

engage active expiratory forces, abdominals and internal intercostals, to counteract passive inspiratory forces

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18
Q

newborn respiratory system

A

highly elastic lungs/high recoil; pliable, non-rigid ribcage - makes it difficult for baby to breathe

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19
Q

lung volume measurements

A

care more about predicted measures than absolute values; predicted measures are calculated based on gender, age, height, ethnicity; measures are reported as a % of predicted

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20
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of air accessible for exchange; peak inspiration to peak expiration

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21
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air exchanged in one respiratory cycle; quiet breathing, but can increase with exercise

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22
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inhaled from peak tidal inspiration

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23
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

amount of air that can be inhaled from REL

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24
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be exhaled from peak tidal expiration

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25
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air in lungs that we cannot access

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26
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume; total amount of air in the lungs including what we cannot access

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27
Q

spirometer

A

direct measurement of lung volume, attaches to the airway

28
Q

manometer

A

calibration device attached to pressure transducer; push some air into it to displace liquid

29
Q

respiratory inductive plethysmography

A

indirect lung measurement; 2 bands around the abdomen; calibrated by breathing through tube into 1L of air in a bag

30
Q

magnetometer

A

indirect lung measurement, not as ideal, calibrated with 1L spirobag

31
Q

pneumotachograph

A

integrates airflow to get volume; calibrate with 1L syringe

32
Q

breathing adjustments for speech

A

bigger inhale, usually through mouth, longer exhale because we speak on it, ratio goes to 1:5

33
Q

lung volumes for speech

A

quiet breathing is 10% vital capacity - 300cc women, 500 cc men; conversational speech is 20% vital capacity - 600cc women, 1000cc men, loud speech is 40% vital capacity; for speech, want someone to have twice tidal inspiration

34
Q

TBI speech breathing changes

A

less expiratory reserve volume; may be attributed to lack of motivation to engage muscles

35
Q

Parkinson’s Disease speech breathing changes

A

increased rigidity/lack of mobility and impaired perception of movement; results in decreased loudness and unable to speak for long periods of time

36
Q

Multiple Sclerosis speech breathing changes

A

respiratory muscle weakness, reduced VC

37
Q

Cerebellar Disease speech breathing changes

A

impaired coordination between respiratory and laryngeal system, may result in wasting air

38
Q

Cerebral Palsy speech breathing changes

A

depends on type of CP; if muscles are too tight, may be shallow expirations; if involuntary movements, may be uncontrolled breathing; if coordination difficulty, may be like cerebellar disease

39
Q

Asthma speech breathing changes

A

will breathe above REL so they can rely on passive expiratory forces to speak on; reduced time available for speech

40
Q

vocal nodules speech breathing changes

A

will breathe to lower lung volumes of speech, below REL

41
Q

hearing impairment speech breathing changes

A

may phrase inappropriately, may speak below REL because increased effort means increased feedback

42
Q

mechanical inhalation speech breathing changes

A

will be difficult to control loudness because subglottal pressure is high when expiration begins

43
Q

appropriate speech breathing interventions for SLPs

A

compensatory strategies; speaking in shorter phrases, taking bigger breaths before speaking

44
Q

children vs. adults speech breathing study

A

children only change pattern for maximally taxing conditions, where as adults changed patterns in preparation for other conditions; suggests children use laryngeal tension for loud talking unless it’s a maximally taxing condition

45
Q

25yo vs. 75yo speech breathing study

A

overall, 25yo had more air to work with and was more efficient with the air; older people don’t have as much air to work with and are probably breathy during speech, wasting air

46
Q

pleural linkage

A

suctioning of the lungs to the inside of the ribcage due to negative pressure created by constant absorption of liquid

47
Q

pleura

A

single-celled membrane; visceral lines the lungs, parietal lines the thoracic cavity

48
Q

pneumothorax

A

negative pressure is broken, resulting in the separation of the lung and ribcage, so the lung shrinks /collapses

49
Q

intraoral pressure transducer

A

calibrated with manometer; measures subglottal pressure by measuring intraoral pressure on /p/

50
Q

subglottal air pressure direct measurement

A

pressure censor tube below level of the VF via tracheal puncture

51
Q

what physiological systems are involved in the production of /s/

A

respiratory, VP, articulatory

52
Q

what device is used to directly measure lung volume

A

spirometer

53
Q

what is the unit of measurement for volume

A

cc - relates to liters, 1000cc in a liter

54
Q

how are magnetometers calibrated

A

1L spirobag

55
Q

gas travels across alveolar membrane based on…

A

Henry’s Law

56
Q

REL is created by…

A

pleural linkage

57
Q

collapsed lung can be caused by…

A

any disruption of the pleural linkage

58
Q

net effect of adaptations by high altitude dwellers is

A

more efficient use of oxygen

59
Q

expiratory muscles use in quiet expiration are…

A

none - external intercostals and diaphragm relax

60
Q

when speaking below REL…

A

active expiratory forces counteract passive inspiratory forces

61
Q

inspiratory capacity is…

A

from REL to maximum inspiration

62
Q

lung volumes are based on predicted values because

A

they consider unchangeable physical characteristics

63
Q

lung volume estimation based on circumferential displacement is…

A

respiratory inductive plethysmography

64
Q

newborn respiratory system has…

A

high elastic recoil of lungs with pliable ribcage

65
Q

a singer needs to inspire maximally for a long phrase - what lung volume subdivision is she using

A

inspiratory reserve volume

66
Q

your client insists on speaking below REL. he must counteract

A

passive inspiratory forces by engaging abdominals and internal intercostals

67
Q

a person with a vital capacity 50% of predicted runs out of air. you will work on…

A

shorter phrases and taking bigger breaths

speech science (4 decks)

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