respiratory system Flashcards
4 physiological systems involved in sound production
- respiratory system: driving force behind voicing; required for all sounds
- laryngeal system: provides voicing through vocal fold vibration, only active for voiceless sounds
- velopharyngeal system: responsible for whether air is released through nasal passages or not; active for non-nasals
- articulatory system: makes us intelligible, allows us to produce our sounds
trachea
long trunk branching into bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli; C-shaped cartilage called tracheal rings, trachealis muscle in the back
bronchi
2: right and left;
right is straighter than left, making it more susceptible to aspiration
bronchial tubes lined with mucosa to filter air
bronchioles
smaller and skinnier than bronchi; successive bifurcations, meaning they keep splitting; as tubes get narrower, air resistance increases; to ease this, tubes are shorter
alveoli
air filled sacs surrounded by capillaries; thin-walls allow for easy exchange of gases; irregular in shape and hollow in center; increase surface area to optimize exchange of O2 and CO2
lungs
2 lungs, right and left; left lung has 2 lobes and a tongue-shaped lingula; right lung has 3 lobes and is larger and heavier but shorter, due to diaphragm pushing into it from being pushed up by the liver
diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle aiding breathing
Henry’s Law
gases move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure
steps of basic inhalation
inhale, ribs expand, bigger space in lungs meaning lower pressure, air rushes in, higher concentration of O2 in alveoli than in capillaries, O2 diffuses into capillaries, higher concentration of CO2 in capillaries than in alveoli, CO2 diffuses into alveoli, ribs descend, smaller space meaning higher pressure, air rushes out
high-altitude adaptations
increased number of alveoli and more vascular growth leading to more efficient intake of oxygen
muscles of inspiration
external intercostals, diaphragm
muscles of quiet expiration
none - external intercostals and diaphragm relax
muscles of forced expiration
abdominals and internal intercostals
REL
resting expiratory level; point in respiratory cycle where forces of the lungs and ribcage are in balance; lungs want to shrink and ribcage wants to expand; due to pleural linkage, they balance each other out
checking action
controlling the descent of the ribcage to speak on a controlled amount of air
when above REL…
engage active inspiratory forces, external intercostals and diaphragm, to counteract passive expiratory forces
when below REL…
engage active expiratory forces, abdominals and internal intercostals, to counteract passive inspiratory forces
newborn respiratory system
highly elastic lungs/high recoil; pliable, non-rigid ribcage - makes it difficult for baby to breathe
lung volume measurements
care more about predicted measures than absolute values; predicted measures are calculated based on gender, age, height, ethnicity; measures are reported as a % of predicted
vital capacity
total amount of air accessible for exchange; peak inspiration to peak expiration
tidal volume
amount of air exchanged in one respiratory cycle; quiet breathing, but can increase with exercise
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be inhaled from peak tidal inspiration
inspiratory capacity
amount of air that can be inhaled from REL
expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be exhaled from peak tidal expiration
residual volume
amount of air in lungs that we cannot access
total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume; total amount of air in the lungs including what we cannot access
spirometer
direct measurement of lung volume, attaches to the airway
manometer
calibration device attached to pressure transducer; push some air into it to displace liquid
respiratory inductive plethysmography
indirect lung measurement; 2 bands around the abdomen; calibrated by breathing through tube into 1L of air in a bag
magnetometer
indirect lung measurement, not as ideal, calibrated with 1L spirobag
pneumotachograph
integrates airflow to get volume; calibrate with 1L syringe
breathing adjustments for speech
bigger inhale, usually through mouth, longer exhale because we speak on it, ratio goes to 1:5
lung volumes for speech
quiet breathing is 10% vital capacity - 300cc women, 500 cc men; conversational speech is 20% vital capacity - 600cc women, 1000cc men, loud speech is 40% vital capacity; for speech, want someone to have twice tidal inspiration
TBI speech breathing changes
less expiratory reserve volume; may be attributed to lack of motivation to engage muscles
Parkinson’s Disease speech breathing changes
increased rigidity/lack of mobility and impaired perception of movement; results in decreased loudness and unable to speak for long periods of time
Multiple Sclerosis speech breathing changes
respiratory muscle weakness, reduced VC
Cerebellar Disease speech breathing changes
impaired coordination between respiratory and laryngeal system, may result in wasting air
Cerebral Palsy speech breathing changes
depends on type of CP; if muscles are too tight, may be shallow expirations; if involuntary movements, may be uncontrolled breathing; if coordination difficulty, may be like cerebellar disease
Asthma speech breathing changes
will breathe above REL so they can rely on passive expiratory forces to speak on; reduced time available for speech
vocal nodules speech breathing changes
will breathe to lower lung volumes of speech, below REL
hearing impairment speech breathing changes
may phrase inappropriately, may speak below REL because increased effort means increased feedback
mechanical inhalation speech breathing changes
will be difficult to control loudness because subglottal pressure is high when expiration begins
appropriate speech breathing interventions for SLPs
compensatory strategies; speaking in shorter phrases, taking bigger breaths before speaking
children vs. adults speech breathing study
children only change pattern for maximally taxing conditions, where as adults changed patterns in preparation for other conditions; suggests children use laryngeal tension for loud talking unless it’s a maximally taxing condition
25yo vs. 75yo speech breathing study
overall, 25yo had more air to work with and was more efficient with the air; older people don’t have as much air to work with and are probably breathy during speech, wasting air
pleural linkage
suctioning of the lungs to the inside of the ribcage due to negative pressure created by constant absorption of liquid
pleura
single-celled membrane; visceral lines the lungs, parietal lines the thoracic cavity
pneumothorax
negative pressure is broken, resulting in the separation of the lung and ribcage, so the lung shrinks /collapses
intraoral pressure transducer
calibrated with manometer; measures subglottal pressure by measuring intraoral pressure on /p/
subglottal air pressure direct measurement
pressure censor tube below level of the VF via tracheal puncture
what physiological systems are involved in the production of /s/
respiratory, VP, articulatory
what device is used to directly measure lung volume
spirometer
what is the unit of measurement for volume
cc - relates to liters, 1000cc in a liter
how are magnetometers calibrated
1L spirobag
gas travels across alveolar membrane based on…
Henry’s Law
REL is created by…
pleural linkage
collapsed lung can be caused by…
any disruption of the pleural linkage
net effect of adaptations by high altitude dwellers is
more efficient use of oxygen
expiratory muscles use in quiet expiration are…
none - external intercostals and diaphragm relax
when speaking below REL…
active expiratory forces counteract passive inspiratory forces
inspiratory capacity is…
from REL to maximum inspiration
lung volumes are based on predicted values because
they consider unchangeable physical characteristics
lung volume estimation based on circumferential displacement is…
respiratory inductive plethysmography
newborn respiratory system has…
high elastic recoil of lungs with pliable ribcage
a singer needs to inspire maximally for a long phrase - what lung volume subdivision is she using
inspiratory reserve volume
your client insists on speaking below REL. he must counteract
passive inspiratory forces by engaging abdominals and internal intercostals
a person with a vital capacity 50% of predicted runs out of air. you will work on…
shorter phrases and taking bigger breaths
