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speech science > laryngeal system > Flashcards

laryngeal system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

period

A

time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration; indirect relationship with frequency

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2
Q

frequency

A

measured in cycles per second, Hz; perceptual correlate is pitch

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3
Q

amplitude

A

magnitude of vibration measured in dB SPL; perceptual correlate is loudness

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4
Q

phase

A

temporal relation of sine waves within a complex wave

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5
Q

constructive interference

A

sine waves add together

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6
Q

destructive interference

A

sine waves are out of synch and cancel each other out; perfectly out of synch –> silence

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7
Q

complex tones

A

comprised of multiple sine waves of different frequencies; human voice

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8
Q

Fourier Analysis

A

breaks down a complex waves into its sine waves

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9
Q

waveform

A

shows a sine wave; x-axis is time, y-axis is amplitude

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10
Q

spectrum

A

shows a sine wave or complex wave; x-axis is frequency, y-axis is amplitude

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11
Q

spectrogram

A

shows energy of speech; x-axis is time, y-axis is frequency

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12
Q

human voice spectrum

A

formants represent peaks; higher fundamental frequency means less spectral density - harmonics are whole number multiples, lower Fo = harmonics closer together, higher Fo = harmonics more spaced out

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13
Q

thyroarytenoid

A

body of the VF; responsible for subtle pitch changes; isometric function is longitudinally stretching VF to increase pitch, isotonic function is thyroid and arytenoids move in, relaxing TA to decrease pitch

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14
Q

cricoarytenoid

A

responsible for more dramatic pitch changes via rocking and gliding; pars recta passively stretches TA by rocking; pars oblique passively stretches TA by gliding

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15
Q

lateral cricothyroid

A

adducts the membranous portion of the VF (anterior 2/3); responsible for medial compression, or how tightly the VF close at midline

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16
Q

interarytenoids

A

adduct the cartilaginous portion of the VF (posterior 1/3); 2 muscles - transverse and oblique

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17
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid

A

abducts the cartilaginous portion of the VF; only laryngeal abductor

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18
Q

indirect laryngoscopy

A

uses dental mirror in the back of the throat; pre-technology visualization technique; can see if VF are straight and white (what ENTs care about)

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19
Q

laryngeal endoscopy with flexible scope

A

camera/wire through the nose; used for those who cannot tolerate rigid scope; patient can phonate bc camera is not in mouth

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20
Q

direct laryngoscopy

A

done by ENTs for cancer biopsies

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21
Q

ultra-high-speed photography

A

first method to see VF actually vibrating; camera pulled film fast then played back slowly

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22
Q

laryngeal video stroboscopy

A

camera hooked up to Fo censor worn by patient; snapped images at different points throughout VF vibration cycle and played back together; with strobe light looked like a continuous cycle

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23
Q

high-speed video endoscopy

A

latest technology; independent of Fo, catches VF vibrating and slows it down

24
Q

breathy onset

A

VF open with unmodulated airflow when phonation begins

25
Q

abrupt onset

A

aka glottal attack; VF are closed when phonation begins, airflow starts after building up subglottal pressure; actually hear the beginning of phonation

26
Q

simultaneous onset

A

ideal; VF return to midline and phonation begins with controlled airflow

27
Q

epithelial layer of lamina propria

A

thin, shiny mucosal layer; what we actually see vibrating; just follows whatever is going on underneath

28
Q

superficial layer of lamina propria

A

like gelatin; most active layer in vibration; also called Reinke’s Space

29
Q

intermediate layer of lamina propria

A

elastic fibers that help the VF return to rest position after longitudinal stretching

30
Q

deep layer of lamina propria

A

contains collagenous fibers; no active role in vibration, supportive structure

31
Q

3 perceptual voice qualities

A

breathy: incomplete closure, aperiodic vibration
harsh: complete closure aperiodic vibration
hoarse: incomplete closure, aperiodic vibration

32
Q

4 objective measures of voice quality

A

jitter, shimmer, harmonics to noise, cepstral peak analysis

33
Q

jitter

A

short-term perturbation of pitch, long-term version is amplitude

34
Q

shimmer

A

perturbation of amplitude; no short-term vs long-term

35
Q

harmonics to noise

A

measure of the energy in frequencies between the harmonics compared with the harmonic energy; want high signal to noise ratio, or strong harmonics compared to background noise

36
Q

cepstral peak analysis

A

voice quality measure of connected speech; has valid norms, easier to obtain, better reflects voice quality in everyday voice, better corresponds to listener perception

37
Q

phonatory threshold pressure

A

amount of pressure that is required to blow the VF apart for the first cycle of vibration; singer will have higher PTP before warming up

38
Q

intraoral pressure transducer

A

measures subglottal pressure by measuring intraoral pressure on /p/, calibrated with a manometer

39
Q

Psg direct measure

A

pressure censor tube below level of the VF through tracheal puncture

40
Q

ideal Psg for speech

A

5-10 cmH2O, but can range up to 40cmH2O

41
Q

eliciting fundamental frequency range

A

ideally 2 octaves or 24 semitones
take best of 3 trials, provide instruction and models
instruct client to say “ah” and glide as low as possible 3x
instruct client to say “ah” and glide as high as possible 3x

42
Q

eliciting maximum phonation time

A

ideally 15-20 seconds
tell client: whenever you’re ready, take a deep breath and say “ah” in a normal, comfortable voice and hold it as long as you can

43
Q

eliciting loudness range

A

ideally 20-30 dBSPL
elicit “ah” as quiet as possible
elicit “ah” as loud as possible without screaming
if think client can go louder, cue with a model

44
Q

newborn laryngeal anatomy

A

larynx higher in the neck - less space for for food/liquid to get lost, more direct path to esophagus
arytenoids are large & cartilaginous portion of VF are 1/2 the length - when PCA contracts, VF open quick so baby can breathe easy
lamina propria is not differentiated between layers
membranous length of VF is 2mm at birth

45
Q

laryngeal changes with older childhood

A

by 4, superficial layer of lamina propria is differentiated from intermediate/deep level
by 6-15, all layers of lamina propria are separated
for first 20 years, VF grow .7mm/yr in males and .4mm/yr in females
by 16, larynx structures are adult-like
voice matures around 20 and is steady until 60yo

46
Q

boys & laryngeal changes with puberty

A

begins around 12-13, done around 15-18
lower pitches tend to be more stable than upper pitches
most active changes occur within 1yr

47
Q

girls & laryngeal changes with puberty

A

less obvious than boys
increased breathiness with occasional cracking
lower Fo
less accurate pitch production when singing
caused by changes in resonance with facial changes, descent of larynx, increased circumference of chest wall

48
Q

female Fo decreases with age

A

caused by lamina propria changes adding mass
superficial layer becomes edematous
intermediate layer’s elastin fibers atrophy
deep layer’s collagen increases in size and density

49
Q

male Fo increases with age

A

caused by loss of mass in the thyroarytenoid muscle

50
Q

male-female coalescence theory

A

hormone changes associated with menopause reverse some of the hormonal differences that occur at puberty

51
Q

where do vocal nodules grow

A

midpoint of anterior 2/3 of VF because of high lateral excursion at that point

52
Q

what voice quality will very active lateral cricoarytenoid muscles produce

A

harshness because they are responsible for medial compression

53
Q

shimmer gives information about…

A

consistency of vocal fold opening in cycle of vibration

54
Q

3 vocal registers

A

3 modes of vibration
modal register, pulse
register, falsetto

55
Q

modal register

A

chest register, most commonly heard in speech

56
Q

pulse register

A

vocal fry, lowest register, often at the end of utterances - not bad for you if true vocal fry; very low subglottal pressure, if you increase you’ll flip into modal register

57
Q

falsetto

A

very high, rarely heard in conversational speech; only thin edge of VF are vibrating; very low subglottal pressure, minimal vibration

speech science (4 decks)

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