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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the left lung smaller than the right lung ?

A

Because space is needed for the heart

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2
Q

What are the 2 fundamental parts of the respiratory system ?

A
  • conducting part
  • respiratory part
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3
Q

What is the function of the conducting part of the respiratory system ?

A
  • no gas exchange
  • air moves through this part
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4
Q

What is the function of the respiratory part of the respiratory system ?

A
  • for gas exchange
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5
Q

Describe the features of the conducting part of the respiratory system

A
  • it is lined with epithelium and an underlying connective tissue layer known as the lamina propria
  • it is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and this is known as the mucociliary escalator
  • the lamina propria is highly vascular and a warm lining and so it warms and humidifies inhaled air
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6
Q

What is the role of the air sinuses in the nasal cavity ?

A
  • give resonance to the voice
  • make the skull lighter
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7
Q

Which types of cells make up the olfactory organ ?

A
  • supporting cells
  • receptor cells
  • basal cells
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8
Q

Describe the structure of the epiglottis

A
  • found above the tongue
  • flap which covers the larynx
  • made of elastic cartilage
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9
Q

Describe the function of the epiglottis

A
  • separates the alimentary and respiratory systems
  • controls the opening of the airway
  • controls the vocal cords
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10
Q

What is dichotomous branching ?

A

The rule that says the airways always branch in twos

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11
Q

What is the bronchial tree ?

A

Trachea > bronchi (extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary) > bronchioles

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12
Q

Why is it important that the pulmonary artery enters the lung at the same place as the airway ?

A

It allows deoxygenated blood and air to go to the same place and run alongside each other

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13
Q

Where is the oesophagus in relation to the trachea ?

A

It sits immediately behind the trachea

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14
Q

What is trachealis ?

A

It is smooth muscle which connects the C rings of hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

Which structures are present after the bronchi in the lungs ?

A

1) respiratory bronchioles (contain 1 to 2 alveoli)
2) alveolar duct
3) alveoli

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the alveolar duct

A
  • it is blind ended
  • the ending of the alveolar duct is known as the atrium
17
Q

What is the blood air barrier ?

A

A barrier separating the alveolar air from the blood
Consists of -
- type 1 cells
- fused basal lamina
- capillary endothelium

18
Q

Describe the structure of the alveolar wall

A

It is lined with :
- type I cells (simple squamous epithelium)
- type II cells (simple cuboidal epithelium)
- alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
- septal cells (fibroblasts)

19
Q

What is the function of type II cells ?

A
  • make surfactant
20
Q

What is the function of the septal cells ?

A
  • make thin extracellular fluid containing collagen and elastic fibres
21
Q

what type of cartilage is present in the walls of the trachea and what is the need for cartilage here ?

A

hyaline cartilage
so the trachea doesn’t collapse when pressure drops during air movement

22
Q

Why don’t the cartilage rings go all the way around the trachea, leaving a gap at the back ?

A

because the trachea is pressed against the oesophagus which lies posteriorly and this allows for oesophageal movements

23
Q

why are there glands in the tracheal wall ?

A

they secrete mucus because the goblet cells cannot produce enough on their own

24
Q

what is the function of the epithelial cells of the trachea ?

A

they are covered in cilia which drives movements of the mucociliary escalator

25
Q

What is the function of the basal cells of the epithelium and why are they necessary ?

A

basal cells replace the dead surface columnar epithelium because they have a short lifespan due to the harsh environment between the body tissue and air

26
Q

what type of tissue is found in the walls of the bronchus ?

A

hyaline cartilage

27
Q

Which anatomical structures are common to the digestive and respiratory systems?

A
  • oral cavity
  • oropharynx
  • laryngeopharynx
  • larynx
28
Q

classify the epithelium that lines the bronchioles

A

simple columnar epithelium

29
Q

What is the function of the simple columnar epithelium that lines the bronchioles ?

A

produces surfactant - prevents wet epithelial surfaces from sticking together by reducing surface tension

30
Q

classify the epithelium that lines the trachea and bronchi

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Histology (9 decks)

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