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BIOL1410 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between lungs and blood.

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the respiratory system? What do they consist of?

A

Upper respiratory system: nose nasal cavity, and pharynx Lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs

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3
Q

The respiratory system is lined with what? Describe the specific tissue types.

A
  • Mucosa
  • All have epithelial and CT
  • Epithelial for most is ciliated pseudostratified columnar (with goblet cells)
    - Cilia sweeps mucous to esophagus where swallowed
  • CT layer of all mucosa is lamina propria
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4
Q

What is the nose supported by?

A

Bone and hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

Nostrils = ?

A

Nares

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6
Q

What are the nasal cavities functions?

A
  • Airway passage (heat +moisten air)
  • Olfaction
  • Speech (resonance chamber)
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7
Q

What is the nasal cavity divided by?

A

The nasal septum

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8
Q

What is the nasal septum made up of?

A

Anterior part: Hyaline cartilage
Posterior part: Vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, palatine bones

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9
Q

What are the 3 areas of the nasal cavity?

A

Vestibule, respiratory area, olfactory area

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10
Q

Describe the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A
  • Anterior region of the nasal cavity
  • Lined by skin with coarse hair
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11
Q

Describe the respiratory area of the nasal cavity

A
  • posterior region of the nasal cavity
  • mucosa = ciliated pseudostratified epithelium + CT
  • conchae protrude from walls
    - superior (ethmoid)
    - middle (ethmoid)
    - inferior - separate bone
  • inferior to chonchae = nasal meatuses (shallow groove)
  • conchae + meatuses cause air turbulence to knock out dust
  • lacrimal duct opens into cavity here (just below inferior nasal conchae)
    - tears to nasal cavity
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12
Q

Describe the olfactory area of the nasal cavity

A
  • sense of smell
  • roof of nasal cavity
  • neurons = olfactory receptors
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13
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

8 air filled spaces in the skull
- paired left and right spaces in: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae
- open directly into nasal cavity
- function: warm, moisten air, lighten skull
- sinusitis = inflammation of mucous membrane

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14
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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15
Q

Describe the nasopharynx

A
  • posterior to nasal cavity
  • air passage only
  • contains:
    - pharyngeal tonsil
    - openings:
    - 2 posterior nasal apertures
    - 2 pharyngotympanic tubes
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16
Q

Describe the oropharynx

A
  • posterior to oral cavity
  • air + food passage
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • from soft palate to top of epiglottis
  • contains: palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil
17
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx

A
  • air + food passage
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • from epiglottis to opening of larynx
18
Q

Describe the pharynx

A
  • The throat
  • made up of skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
19
Q

Describe the larynx

A
  • the voice-box
  • made up of 9 cartilages (all hyaline cartilage, except epiglottis)
20
Q

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • thyroid: on anterior wall, Adam’s apple
  • cricoid: forms complete ring
    epiglottis: made of elastic cartilage, covers glottis during swallowing
21
Q

What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?

A
  • arytenoid: attaches the vocal cords (influence changes in position and tension of the vocal cords)
  • don’t need to know the other 2
22
Q

What are the vocal cords?

A

2 pairs of folds of mucosa membrane
- vestibular
- false vocal cords
- superior fold
- vocal fold
- true vocal cords
- inferior fold
- produce sound by vibration

23
Q

What is the glottis?

A
  • consists of true vocal cords + the space between them
  • closes to prevent food and liquid from entering trachea
24
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of the larynx which can arise from infection or irritation

25
Q

What is the trachea?

A
  • connects the larynx to the main bronchi
  • anterior to esophagus
  • consists of 20 ‘C’ shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage (open part of ‘C’ faces the esophagus to allow expansion of the esophagus
26
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

an extension of the trachea and serve as the central passageway into the lungs

27
Q

What are the differences between the right and left lung?

A

The right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) while the left lobes has 2 lobes (superior, and inferior) and a cardiac notch where the heart lies.

28
Q

What separates the right and left lungs?

A

the mediastinum

29
Q

What is the pleura?

A

the serous membrane of the lungs
- visceral layer: on the surface of the lungs
- parietal layer: on the thoracic wall, superior diaphragm, and the mediastinum

30
Q

What is the pleura cavity?

A

Between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura and is filled with serious fluid which:
- prevents friction when lungs move
- holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall

31
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A
  • Where gas is exchanged between air and blood (oxygen gas enters blood, and carbon dioxide enters air, mainly alveoli)
  • Consists of: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
32
Q

What is the conduction zone?

A
  • Filters, warms, and moistens air and conducts it into the lungs.
  • Consists of: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
33
Q

Which comes first, the respiratory zone or the conduction zone?

A

Conduction zone

34
Q

What is the respiratory membrane?

A

A thin membrane made up of alveolar walls and surrounding capillaries (3 total layers)

35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

1) wall of alveolus:
- simple epithelium
- made up of 3 cell types
2) basement membrane of alveolus and capillary
3) wall of capillary
- simple squamous epithelium (=endothelial cell)

36
Q

What are the 3 types of cells that the wall of the alveolus is made of? What are their functions?

A

1) Type 1 alveolar cells
- simple squamous
- allow gas diffusion
2) Type 2 alveolar cells
- simple cuboidal
- secrete surfactant (allows lungs to expand easily)
3) Macrophages
- free moving across surface of type 1 cells
- remove dust and debris

37
Q

What are the 2 routes for blood supply to the lungs?

A

pulmonary circulation (blood to be oxygenated) and bronchial circulation (blood to nourish lung tissue)

38
Q

Describe bronchial circulation

A

1) bronchial arteries (from aorta) carry oxygenated blood to lung tissues like bronchi where it becomes deoxygenated
2) blood returns to the heart in one of two ways
- bronchial vein: only a small amount of blood, feeds into superior vena cava, then right atrium
- pulmonary veins; most of the blood, feeds into left atrium where it is mixed with oxygenated blood

39
Q

Explain ventilation

A

Muscles are all skeletal
1) Inspiration (intake of air)
- diaphragm and external intercostals contract
2) Expiration (air moves to atmosphere from lungs)
- diaphragm and external intercostals relax
- exhale is passive

BIOL1410 (7 decks)

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