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BIOL1410 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the digestive systems accessory organs?

A
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver, gall bladder
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2
Q

What are the digestive processes in order?

A
  • ingestion: food into oral cavity
  • digestion: large molecule are broken down into smaller molecules, 2 types, mechanical (physical breakdown like chewing), and chemical (by enzymes and acid secretions)
  • absorption: end products of digestion enter blood or lymph
  • defecation: elimination of undigested material
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3
Q

What are the 4 basic layers of the GI tract? (from inside to outside)

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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4
Q

What are the layers of mucosa in the GI tract?

A

1) epithelium with goblet cells
- stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal
- simple columnar: stomach, small + large intestine, rectum
2) lamina propria (areolar CT)
- contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodules/tissues (immune)
3) muscularis mocosa
- smooth muscle that allows movement of mucosa

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5
Q

Describe the submucosa of the GI tract

A
  • areolar CT
  • contains: blood and lymphatic vessels, and submucosal nerve plexus
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6
Q

Describe the muscularis external of the GI tract

A
  • smooth muscle
  • inner circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • myenteric nerve plexus between layers
  • contractions cause motility (mixing and movement)
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7
Q

Describe the serosa of the GI tract

A
  • inner: areolar CT
  • outer: epithelium
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8
Q

What is the cavity of the GI tract called

A

lumen

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9
Q

What are the structures of the digestive system?

A

oral cavity
salivary glands
dentition
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
small intestine accessory organs
large intestine

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10
Q

What does the oral cavity include?

A
  • lips
  • cheeks
  • palate:
    • hard: 2 maxillae + 2 palatine bones
    • soft: skeletal muscle, posterior projection = uvula (rises to close nasopharynx when swallowing), soft if posterior to hard
  • tongue:
    - attached to hyoid bone, made of skeletal muscle, projections of mucosa = papillae (taste buds)
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11
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A

2 of each:

1) parotid:
- inferior + anterior to ears
- mumps: inflammation of 1 or both
2) submandibular:
- floor of mouth
3) sublingual
- below tongue on floor of mouth

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12
Q

What does saliva consist of?

A
  • 99.5% water
  • 0.5% solutes (enzymes)
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13
Q

What are primary dentition?

A

deciduous (“baby”) teeth (child dentition)

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14
Q

What are secondary dentition?

A

permanent teeth (adult dentition)

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15
Q

How many of each tooth type are in primary dentition? (in each quadrant)

A

central incisor: 1
lateral incisor: 1
canine: 1
premolars: 0
molars: 2
20 total in mouth

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16
Q

How many of each tooth type are in secondary dentition? (in each quadrant)

A

central incisor: 1
lateral incisor: 1
canine: 1
premolars: 2
molars: 3
32 total in mouth

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17
Q

Describe the crown of the tooth

A
  • lies above the gum line
  • outer layer: enamel
    • acellular; highly calcified making it hard
  • dentin = majority of tooth (lies deep to enamel)
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18
Q

Describe the neck of the tooth

A
  • rests between crown and root
  • connects the outermost layer of the crown (enamel) from the outermost layer of the root (cementum)
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19
Q

Describe the root of the tooth

A

dentin + cementum overlay

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20
Q

what is the difference between dentin, enamel, and cementum from bone?

A

bone is vascular, while dentin, enamel, and cementum is avascular

21
Q

Describe the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

only muscularis external (skeletal muscle) and stratified squamous epithelium

22
Q

Describe the esophagus

A
  • passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity
  • all 4 histo. layers in GI tract from this point on, exceptions in esophagus:
    a) muscularis externa
    - upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
    - middle 1/3 = skeletal + smooth muscle
    - lower 1/3 = smooth muscle
    b) has adventitia
    - fibrous CT (no epithelium)
23
Q

What are he 4 regions of the stomach?

A
  • cardiac region (cardia): attached to esophagus
  • fundus: above esophageal entrance
  • body
  • pyloric region (pylorus): has pyloric sphincter
24
Q

What is different about the epithelial cells of the mucosa of the stomach?

A

epithelial cells extend down into the lamina propria, where they form columns of secretory cells called gastric glands

25
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in the gastric glands of the stomach?

A

1) chief cells: secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase (enzymes)
2) parietal cells: secrete HCl (pH 2)
3) G cells (enteroendocrine cells): secrete gastrin (a hormone)
4) goblet cells: (surface epithelium also contains many goblet cells)

26
Q

What are rugae of the stomach?

A

folds of mucosa and submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa which allows expansion of the stomach without tearing

27
Q

Describe the muscularis external of the stomach

A

function: churning
3 layers:
- inner oblique
- middle circular
- outer longitudinal

28
Q

What is the name of each end of the small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal valve

29
Q

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

1) duodenum: first fold (short) - retroperitoneal, extra glands here secrete alkaline mucous to protect against stomach acids
2) jejunum: middle section
3) ileum: has groups of lymph nodules (peyer’s patches), they prevent infection of small intestine and bacteria from entering blood

30
Q

How are the segments of the small intestine specialized to increase absorption surface area?

A

a) plicae circulares: submucosa is folded
b) villi: projections from mucosa into lumen
- contains: blood capillaries, and lymph capillaries (called lacteals which absorb fats)
c) microvilli: brush border on enterocytes (simple columnar) which extend into lumen

31
Q

Within epithelium separate enteroendocrine cells in the stomach secrete what hormones?

A

secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

32
Q

What are the small intestine accessory organs?

A

pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

33
Q

What is the pancreas also called?

A

retroperitoneal

34
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pancreas called?

A

head, body, and tail

35
Q

What are the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

1) acinar cells/acini (most of pancreas)
- secrete digestive enzymes into ducts
2) duct cells (make duct walls)
- secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid
- digestive enzymes + alkaline fluid = pancreatic juice

36
Q

What are the endocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

1) islets of langerhans (amid acini)
- secrete hormones: insulin + glucagon to regulate blood sugar

37
Q

Describe the liver

A
  • has 4 lobes: right, left, quadrate, and caudate
  • cells = hepatocytes
  • filters material from GI tract (nutrients, toxins, etc) before going to rest of body
  • produces bile for fate digestion
38
Q

Describe the gall bladder

A
  • muscular sac on surface of liver
  • rugae, no submucosa
  • store and concentrates bile between meals
39
Q

What is the name of each end of the large intestine?

A

ileocaecal valve to anus

40
Q

Describe the large intestine and what it consists of

A
  • has no villi or folds
  • consists of:
  • caecum
  • appendix
  • colon
    • ascending (right side)
    • hepatic flexure
    • transverse
    • splenic flexure
    • descending (left side)
    • sigmoid
  • rectum (no taeniae coli, anal canal = last 3 cm)
  • anus (2 anal sphincters: internal (smooth muscle) + external (skeletal muscle, voluntary control)
41
Q

What is the immune function of the lymphatic system in the intestines? Where are they found?

A
  • lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small and large intestine
  • peyer’s patches in ileum
    - prevent infection of small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering blood
42
Q

What is the digestive function of the lymphatic system in the intestines? Where are they found?

A
  • lymph vessels
    - most absorbed fats from small intestine enters lacteals (some into blood)
43
Q

Describe the peritoneum

A
  • serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
    • visceral peritoneum: against organ wall
    • parietal peritoneum: against abdominal cavity wall
    • peritoneal cavity = filled with serous fluid
44
Q

Describe the serosa between organs of the abdominal cavity

A

sheet of 2 fused viscera; peritoneum layer
- contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves

45
Q

What are the folds of the peritoneum called?

A

omenta

46
Q

What are the 2 omentums?

A

1) greater omentum
- “fatty apron”
- covers transverse colon and small intestine
- has fat for protection, insulation, and energy reserve

2) lesser omentum
- suspends stomach from liver

47
Q

What is the mesentery?

A
  • suspends small intestine from cavity wall
  • double layer of parietal peritoneum
48
Q

What is the retroperitoneal?

A
  • behind the peritoneum
  • peritoneum only lines 1 side
    • ex: pancreas, duodenum
    • anterior: parietal peritoneum
    • posterior: CT (adventitia)
49
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

inflammation of the peritoneum due to things like burst appendix or wounds

BIOL1410 (7 decks)

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