respiratory system

Question 1

describe the passage of air

Answer 1

nose > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

Question 2

What is diffusion?

Answer 2

movement of gas molecules from an area of high conc (high partial pressure) to an area of low conc (low partial pressure) against the concentration gradient

Question 3

What is gaseous exchange ?

Answer 3

movement of oxygen from the air into the blood
CO2 from the blood to the air

Question 4

Name use partial pressure rather than concentration when describing diffusion?

Answer 4

We can quantify partial pressure

Question 5

Name 2 features/ adaptations of alveoli that increase effectiveness

Answer 5

1 cell thick - short diffusion pathway
Large surface area - for incr efficiency

Question 6

Define inspiration / expiration

Answer 6

The act of breathing IN / OUT

Question 7

explain how the ribs and lungs work together to breathe

Answer 7

• lungs are attached to the ribcage by pulmonary pleura
• ribs expand via contraction of intercoastal muscles
• ribs move upwards and outwards (lungs inflate)
• as intercostal muscles relax the ribcage returns to its resting position (lungs deflate)

Question 8

what muscles contract during inspiration?

Answer 8

diaphragm
intercostal muscles

Question 9

how do we inhale?

Answer 9

-intercostal muscles contract - pulling the ribcage up and out
-diaphragm contracts to deepen the chest cavity
-air pressure in the lungs decreases = air is sucked into the lungs from the atmosphere

Question 10

What is an active process? give an example

Answer 10

inspiration
when muscles are actively working (contracting)

Question 11

what 3 muscles cause the expansion of the thoracic cavity ?

Answer 11

sternocleidomastoid (raises strernum)
scalene
pectoralis minor

Question 12

what happens to muscles during expiration at rest

Answer 12

diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

Question 13

how do we exhale?

Answer 13

-intercostal muscles relax- pulling the ribcage up and out
-diaphragm relaxes - to reduce size of the chest cavity
-air pressure in the lungs increases = air is forced out of the lungs to the atmosphere through trachea

Question 14

What is an passive process? give an example

Answer 14

expiration at rest
when muscles relax (are not working)

Question 15

What kind of process is expiration during exercise?

Answer 15

Active

Question 16

explain how expiration during exercise is an active process

Answer 16

The internal intercostal muscles contract to pull ribcage inwards and downwards (forcing air out of lungs)
abdominals contract helping to push diaphragm upwards
- these contractions result in a more RAPID expulsion of air from the thoracic cavity

Question 17

Tidal Volume
what happens to it during exercise ?

Answer 17

the volume of air breathed in or out per breath

increases

Question 18

Inspiratory reserve Volume
what happens to it during exercise ?

Answer 18

maximal volume of air forcibly inspired in addition to tidal volume (after normal breath)
Decrease

Question 19

Expiratory reserve Volume
what happens to it during exercise ?

Answer 19

maximal volume of air forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume (after normal breath)
Decrease

Question 20

Vital capacity
What happens to it during exercise ?

Answer 20

Maximal amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation
stays the same

Question 21

Residual volume
what happens to it during exercise ?

Answer 21

amount of air in the lungs after maximal expiration
Stays the same

Question 22

Total Lung capacity
what happens to it during exercise ?

Answer 22

Vital capacity + residual volume
stays the same

Question 23

Breathing rate
what happens to it during exercise ?

Answer 23

The number of breaths per minute
Increase

Question 24

❗Define tidal volume AND minute ventilation (2)

Answer 24

TV- air in/out per breath
MV - vol air breathed in/out per minute TV x BR

Question 25

❗Explain how the cyclists increase in minute ventilation allows them to maintain performance throughout the race (3)

Answer 25

Incr oxygen exchange
Incr oxygen to muscles
More aerobic respiration
Less lactic acid
Incr CO2 removal

Question 26

What is a spirometer?

Answer 26

A sealed chamber through a mouthpiece that measures the volume of air breathed in and out