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PE - physiology > energy systems > Flashcards

energy systems Flashcards

1
Q

name the three stages of the aerobic respiration

A

-glycolysis
-kreb cycle
- electron transport chain

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2
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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3
Q

what is the structure of ATP

A

adenosine and 3 phosphates

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4
Q

What enzyme breaks down ATP

A

ATPase

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5
Q

give the formula for breakdown of ATP

A

ATP-> ADP + pi (inorganic phsophate) + energy

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6
Q

How is ATP resynthesised

A

3 energy systems

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7
Q

Name the three energy systems

A
  • aerobic system
  • ATP - PC system
  • anaerobic glycotic system
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8
Q

How is respiration fueled (2 types)

A

food - carbohydrates
chemical - phosphocreatine

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9
Q

when is the aerobic system used ?

A

for low intensity high duration

high oxygen supply

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10
Q

which energy system is the most efficient

A

aerobic

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11
Q

what is the fuel source for aerobic respiration

A

carbohydrates - glycogen

high oxygen low intensity - fat

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12
Q

give the formula of gylcolysis

A

glycogen -> energy (2ATP) + pyruvic acid

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13
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

sarcoplasm - fluid that surrounds nucleus of muscle

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14
Q

give the formula of the krebs cycle

A

pyruvic acid (no presence of o2) -> acetyl coA

acetyl coA -> energy (2ATP) + hydrogen ion (H+) + CO2

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15
Q

where does the krebs cycle tale place ?

A

matrix - inside the mitochondria

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16
Q

give the formula for the electron transport chain

A

hydrogen + O2 -> 34 ATP + water

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17
Q

whats the total energy yield for aerobic respiration

A

36 ATP

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18
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

When fat is used as a fuel rather than carbs to fuel aerobic respiration

fatty acids undergo beta oxidisation whereby theyre converted into acetyl coA so it can be fed into the krebs cycle.

BUT requires 15% more 02

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19
Q

give 3 adv of the aerobic system

A
  1. 36 ATP produced
  2. no fatiguing byproducts
  3. lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so excercise can last for a long time
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20
Q

give disadvantage of the aerobic system

A
  1. cannot be used straight away

enough o2 must become available to meet demands of activity and ensure fuel can be broken down

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21
Q

What is the fuel source of the ATP-PC system

A

phophocreatine

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22
Q

give the formula for the ATP -PC system

A

Phosphocreatine -> creatine +phosphate +1ATP

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23
Q

give advantages of the ATP -PC system

A

1.rapid availability
2.phosphocreatine stores can be resynthesised quickly (50% after 30s)
3. no fatiguing byproducts

24
Q

give disadvantages of ATP-PC system

A
  1. limited supply of phosphocreatine in the cell (8-10s)
  2. least efficient system (1 mole of ATP)
25
Q

give the formula for the anaerobic glycolytic system

A

glycogen -> 2ATP + pyruvic acid

26
Q

How is energy released

A

the break down of atp .

breakdown of the triphosphate bond

27
Q

How long does the anaerobic glycotic system last for

A

45s - 3min

28
Q

give an advantage of the anaerobic glycotic system

A

ATP can be resynthesised quite quickly

In presence of o2 lactic acid converted back into glycogen via reverse glycolysis

Can be used for a sprint finish at the end of a 10000

29
Q

Give a disadvantage of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • only 2 atp produced
  • accumulation of lactic acid (fatiguing byproduct)
30
Q

What is the energy contiuum

A

the contribution of different energy systems make to the production of energy depending on the intensity and duration of exercise

31
Q

what muscle fibres are used for aerobic respiration

A

slow twitch muscle fibres for low to medium intensity

  • endurance based fibres less likely to fatigue
32
Q

Which muscle fibres are used for anaerobic respiration?

A

fast twitch (2a/b)

  • inefficient, produces only 2atp and lactate production
33
Q

What is oxygen consumption?

A

amount of o2 we use to produce ATP referred to as VO2

34
Q

How much o2 does the average person consume a minute at rest

A

0.3-0.4 litres/ min

35
Q

what happens to o2 consumption at the start of exercise?

A

INCREASES

we use more o2 to produce ATP so
consumption increases

36
Q

What energy source is used for low intensity exercise

A

fats - requires 15% more o2

37
Q

What is VO2 max ?

A

maximum volume of o2 that can be taken up and used by muscles per minute

38
Q

What is sub maximal oxygen deficit ?

A

when there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy aerobically

39
Q

what happens to oxygen deficit as a person enters maximal exercise

A

oxygen deficit becomes bigger, have to work anaerobically fro longer

40
Q

what is EPOC

A

excess post exercise consumption

amount of oxygen taken up during recovery above that that would have been consumed at rest

41
Q

what are the two components of EPOC

A

fast
slow

42
Q

what happens during the fast component of EPOC?

A

extra oxygen used to resarurate myoglobin, and restore ATP and phosopho creatine

43
Q

What happens during the slow component of EPOC

A
  • Removal of lactic acid
  • maintenance of breathing and HR
  • glycogen replenishment
  • increase in body temperature
44
Q

What is lactate threshold

A

point during exercise at which lactic acid rapidly accumulates in the blood (increase by 2 millimoles per litre of blood above resting levels.)

45
Q

What is OBLA ?

A

point at which lactate levels go above 4millimoles per litre

46
Q

How much lactate is in the average body at resting levels ?

A

1-2 millimoles per litre

47
Q

What is buffering ?

A

Process which aids the removal of lactate but maintains levels of acidity in blood.

does this by acting like a sponge meaning athlete can work at higher intensity for longer without fatiguing

48
Q

What are the factors affecting rate of lactate accumulation?

A
  1. intensity
  2. muscle fibre type
  3. rate of blood lactate removal
  4. respiratory exchange ratio
  5. fitness of performer
49
Q

what is vo2 max ?

A

The maximum volume of O2 that can be taken up and used by he muscles per minute

50
Q

7 factors affecting VO2 max

A
  1. lifestyle
  2. Body composition
  3. gender
  4. age
  5. genetics
  6. training
  7. physiological
51
Q

do men or women have a higher vo2 max ?

A

men by 20 %

52
Q

what physiological adaptations affect vo2 max ?

A
  • myoglobin content
  • stroke volume / cardiac output
  • capillary density
  • ## lactate tolerance
53
Q

what are the 5 methods of measuring energy expenditure

A
  • indirect calorimetry
  • lactate sampling
  • vo2 max
    -direct gas analysis
  • respiratory exchange ratio
54
Q

how does indirect calorimetry give an estimate of expenditure

A

how much CO2 produced vs how much O2 consumed at both rest and during aerobic exercise

55
Q

What is RER

A

respiratory exchange ratio -

CO2 expired per minute ÷ O2 consumed per minute

56
Q
A

PE - physiology (5 decks)

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